Fools and Love

In the play, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Shakespeare draws the reader’s attention to the roles of Nick Bottom, and Puck. Nick Bottom and Puck are both considered to be the fools in this play, although both characters fulfill this role in different ways. Bottom is a contemporary fool, who is overconfident and lacks common sense. While Bottom is very confident in himself, especially his acting ability, he is not a very intelligent character. Puck’s role in the play is more of a traditional fool. Puck plays practical jokes and enjoys entertaining though mischief. Puck’s service to the fairy king, Oberon, is similar to a jester’s role in a medieval society. Though the two fools of the play are very different, they offer several helpful observations about life and love. Bottom and Puck teach the audience valuable lessons about taking love too seriously, instead of enjoying it as it comes. The fools also offer insight on the consequences of being overly confident in oneself. The first lesson that the fools offer is that love should not be taken too seriously, but enjoyed just as it comes. Puck offers this insight in his quote, â€Å"Lord, what fools these mortals be† (Act 3, Scene 2, Line 116). After attempting to make Demetrius fall in love with Helena, Puck’s plan self-destructs when he realizes that he has put the love potion on the wrong man. When Puck watches the reaction of the young lovers, he realizes how silly it is for them to all be chasing after love so desperately, rather than taking it as it comes and enjoying it. Nick Bottom offers this same lesson through his short relationship with Titania, the fairy queen. Though Bottom is obviously not a perfect match for the beautiful Titania, he enjoys her affections while they last, never second-guessing that she could be in love with him. Though Titania’s affections for Bottom are induced by a potion, Bottom throws himself into his newfound relationship with her, unaware that Puck has transformed Bottom’s head into that of a donkey. When Bottom awakes and Titania’s affections for him have ended, Bottom enjoys the memories as though a dream. The second lesson that Shakespeare impresses upon his audience is the effect of over-confidence on others. Early in the play, Bottom gathers with the other actors to start planning their play. Rather than listen to Peter Quince, the stage manager, and take direction from him, Bottom wants to tell everyone what to do. He tells Quince how to announce the parts and how to organize the actors. Then, Bottom wants to play every single part in the play, and brags about how wonderful his portrayal of each character would be. Shortly after this scene, Puck changes Bottoms head into that of a donkey, which is symbolic of Bottom’s conceited behavior. Upon his entrance in the play, all of the other actors run away from Bottom and his grotesque appearance. Upon seeing Bottom, Quince yells, â€Å"O’ monstrous! O, strange! We are haunted. Pray, masters! Fly, masters! Help† (Act 3, Scene 1, Line 99-100). Puck changed Bottom’s appearance to match his personality by placing the head of the donkey on his shoulders. Puck, although obviously less power hungry than Bottom, also shows that he has plenty of confidence in himself. Puck exhibits his over-confidence at several points in the play, bragging about the tricks that he has played on others and enjoying laughing at their misfortune. The audience sees that Puck is also confident in his ability to serve Oberon, as well. When Oberon send Puck out to find Helena in the woods, Puck replies, â€Å"I go, I go, look how I go, swifter than arrow from the Tartar’s bow† (Act 3, Scene 2, Lines 100-101). By comparing his speed and accuracy to that of the Tartars, who were famous for their skill with a bow and arrow, Puck shows that he believes himself to be equally as accurate. This shows the audience a very confident Puck, but the audience cannot help but realize that Puck’s comparison of himself to the Tartars is an overexaggeration. Ironically, Puck is the reason that the mix-up with the love potion happened, so in effect, he is obviously not as accurate as he might like to think. The third lesson that is conveyed in the play is the basic concept that ignorance can be bliss. Nick Bottom is portrayed as an overly self-assured and ignorant fellow. He is absorbed in all things of himself and does not take much interest in anything that does not directly affect him. After Puck turns his head into that of a donkey, his fellow actors run away from him in fear. Instead of wondering what happened to scare them off, Bottom brushes it off and doesn’t think about it further. And again, when Bottom is awakening from his slumber in the forest after his short-lived romance with Titania, Bottom again shows his ignorance. Bottom remembers all of the things that had happened to him through the night, but he refuses to accept them as anything more than a dream. By brushing off these events as a mere fantasy, Bottom rejects reality and chooses to be ignorant of the events and remember them as nothing more than a dream. Puck is also ignorant of other people in the play. Puck’s only concern is entertaining himself and Oberon, and he does not consider anyone else in his actions. Early in the play, Puck talks about the pranks that he has been known to play, telling the audience that, â€Å"†¦ sometimes lurk I in a gossip’s bowl, in very likeness of a roasted crab, and when she drinks, against her lips I bob and on her withered dewlap pour the ale. The wisest aunt, telling the saddest tale, sometimes for three-foot stool mistaketh me; then slip I from her bum, down topples she, and â€Å"tailor† cries, and falls into a cough† (Act 2, Scene 1, Lines 47-54). By turning himself into a crab and lurking in a bowl of ale to scare a woman, and making himself appear to be a stool so that when a woman sits on him, he can make her fall, Puck makes it obvious that he cares about nothing but entertaining himself and his king. Again, in Act Three, Puck shows his selfishness when he realizes that he has made a mistake with the young lovers in the woods and the love potion meant for Demetrius and Helena. When Puck tries to fix it, he realizes that now both men will fall in love with Helena. Rather than try to remedy the problem, Puck thinks it will be fun to watch. Puck shows his complete lack of interest in the young couples when he says, â€Å"Then will two at once woo one; that must needs be sport alone. And those things do best please me that befall preposterously† (Act 3, Scene 2, Lines 118-121). Puck shows a disregard for the true feelings of the young lovers so long as it is entertaining to him. In conclusion, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, contains two fools who are able to share insight into life and love throughout the play. Shakespeare strategically places Nick Bottom and Puck in the play as fools, but these fools have a purpose. Shakespeare uses Bottom and Puck to teach his audience valuable lessons about the importance of living in the moment of love, instead of taking love too seriously. Puck and Bottom also show the audience is that over-confidence is not an attractive quality in anyone. The fools also give new meaning to the old adage, â€Å"Ignorance is bliss†, through their actions in this play. Shakespeare illustrates this through the self-serving actions of both Bottom and Puck throughout the play. By using Bottom and Puck to illustrate these lessons, Shakespeare allows the audience to see how ridiculous these two characters are, thus enabling the audience to laugh at them while still receiving his message. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. A Midsummer Night's Dream. New York, NY: Bantam Books, 1980.   

The Host Chapter 6: Followed

The light was finally fading outside the windows. The day, hot for March, had lingered on and on, as if reluctant to end and set me free. I sniffled and twisted the wet handkerchief into another knot. â€Å"Kathy, you must have other obligations. Curt will be wondering where you are.† â€Å"He'll understand.† â€Å"I can't stay here forever. And we're no closer to an answer than before.† â€Å"Quick fixes aren't my specialty. You are decided against a new host -â€Å" â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"So dealing with this will probably take some time.† I clenched my teeth in frustration. â€Å"And it will go faster and more smoothly if you have some help.† â€Å"I'll be better with making my appointments, I promise.† â€Å"That's not exactly what I mean, though I hope you will.† â€Å"You mean help†¦ other than you?† I cringed at the thought of having to relive today's misery with a stranger. â€Å"I'm sure you're just as qualified as any Comforter-more so.† â€Å"I didn't mean another Comforter.† She shifted her weight in the chair and stretched stiffly. â€Å"How many friends do you have, Wanderer?† â€Å"You mean people at work? I see a few other teachers almost every day. There are several students I speak to in the halls†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Outside of the school?† I stared at her blankly. â€Å"Human hosts need interaction. You're not used to solitude, dear. You shared an entire planet's thoughts -â€Å" â€Å"We didn't go out much.† My attempt at humor fell flat. She smiled slightly and went on. â€Å"You're struggling so hard with your problem that it's all you can concentrate on. Maybe one answer is to not concentrate quite so hard. You said Melanie grows bored during your working hours†¦ that she is more dormant. Perhaps if you developed some peer relationships, those would bore her also.† I pursed my lips thoughtfully. Melanie, sluggish from the long day of attempted comfort, did seem rather unenthused by the idea. Kathy nodded. â€Å"Get involved with life rather than with her.† â€Å"That makes sense.† â€Å"And then there are the physical drives these bodies have. I've never seen or heard of their equal. One of the most difficult things we of the first wave had to conquer was the mating instinct. Believe me, the humans noticed when you didn't.† She grinned and rolled her eyes at some memory. When I didn't react as she'd expected, she sighed and crossed her arms impatiently. â€Å"Oh, come now, Wanderer. You must have noticed.† â€Å"Well, of course,† I mumbled. Melanie stirred restlessly. â€Å"Obviously. I've told you about the dreams†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"No, I didn't mean just memories. Haven't you come across anyone that your body has responded to in the present-on strictly a chemical level?† I thought her question through carefully. â€Å"I don't think so. Not so I've noticed.† â€Å"Trust me,† Kathy said dryly. â€Å"You'd notice.† She shook her head. â€Å"Perhaps you should open your eyes and look around for that specifically. It might do you a lot of good.† My body recoiled from the thought. I registered Melanie's disgust, mirrored by my own. Kathy read my expression. â€Å"Don't let her control how you interact with your kind, Wanderer. Don't let her control you.† My nostrils flared. I waited a moment to answer, reining in the anger that I'd never quite gotten used to. â€Å"She does not control me.† Kathy raised an eyebrow. The anger tightened my throat. â€Å"You did not look too far afield for your current partner. Was that choice controlled?† She ignored my anger and considered the question thoughtfully. â€Å"Perhaps,† she finally said. â€Å"It's hard to know. But you've made your point.† She picked at a string in the hem of her shirt, and then, as if realizing that she was avoiding my gaze, folded her hands resolutely and squared her shoulders. â€Å"Who knows how much comes from any given host on any given planet? As I said before, I think time is probably your answer. Whether she grows apathetic and silent gradually, allowing you to make another choice besides this Jared, or†¦ well, the Seekers are very good. They're already looking for him, and maybe you'll remember something that helps.† I didn't move as her meaning sank in. She didn't seem to notice that I was frozen in place. â€Å"Perhaps they'll find Melanie's love, and then you can be together. If his feelings are as fervent as hers, the new soul will probably be amenable.† â€Å"No!† I wasn't sure who had shouted. It could have been me. I was full of horror, too. I was on my feet, shaking. The tears that came so easily were, for once, absent, and my hands trembled in tight fists. â€Å"Wanderer?† But I turned and ran for the door, fighting the words that could not come out of my mouth. Words that could not be my words. Words that made no sense unless they were hers, but they felt like mine. They couldn't be mine. They couldn't be spoken. That's killing him! That's making him cease to be! I don't want someone else. I want Jared, not a stranger in his body! The body means nothing without him. I heard Kathy calling my name behind me as I ran into the road. I didn't live far from the Comforter's office, but the darkness in the street disoriented me. I'd gone two blocks before I realized I was running in the wrong direction. People were looking at me. I wasn't dressed for exercise, and I wasn't jogging, I was fleeing. But no one bothered me; they politely averted their eyes. They would guess that I was new to this host. Acting out the way a child would. I slowed to a walk, turning north so that I could loop around without passing Kathy's office again. My walk was only slightly slower than a run. I heard my feet hitting the sidewalk too quickly, as though they were trying to match the tempo of a dance song. Slap, slap, slap against the concrete. No, it wasn't like a drumbeat, it was too angry. Like violence. Slap, slap, slap. Someone hitting someone else. I shuddered away from the horrible image. I could see the lamp on over my apartment door. It hadn't taken me long to cover the distance. I didn't cross the road, though. I felt sick. I remembered what it felt like to vomit, though I never had. The cold wetness dewed on my forehead, the hollow sound rang in my ears. I was pretty sure I was about to have that experience for my own. There was a bank of grass beside the walk. Around a streetlamp there was a well-trimmed hedge. I had no time to look for a better place. I stumbled to the light and caught the post to hold myself up. The nausea was making me dizzy. Yes, I was definitely going to experience throwing up. â€Å"Wanderer, is that you? Wanderer, are you ill?† The vaguely familiar voice was impossible to concentrate on. But it made things worse, knowing I had an audience as I leaned my face close to the bush and violently choked up my most recent meal. â€Å"Who's your Healer here?† the voice asked. It sounded far away through the buzzing in my ears. A hand touched my arched back. â€Å"Do you need an ambulance?† I coughed twice and shook my head. I was sure it was over; my stomach was empty. â€Å"I'm not ill,† I said I as pulled myself upright using the lamppost for support. I looked over to see who was watching my moment of disgrace. The Seeker from Chicago had her cell phone in her hand, trying to decide which authority to call. I took one good look at her and bent over the leaves again. Empty stomach or no, she was the last person I needed to see right now. But, as my stomach heaved uselessly, I realized that there would be a reason for her presence. Oh, no! Oh, no no no no no no! â€Å"Why?† I gasped, panic and sickness stealing the volume from my voice. â€Å"Why are you here? What's happened?† The Comforter's very uncomforting words pounded in my head. I stared at the hands gripping the collar of the Seeker's black suit for two seconds before I realized they were mine. â€Å"Stop!† she said, and there was outrage on her face. Her voice rattled. I was shaking her. My hands jerked open and landed against my face. â€Å"Excuse me!† I huffed. â€Å"I'm sorry. I don't know what I was doing.† The Seeker scowled at me and smoothed the front of her outfit. â€Å"You're not well, and I suppose I startled you.† â€Å"I wasn't expecting to see you,† I whispered. â€Å"Why are you here?† â€Å"Let's get you to a Healing facility before we speak. If you have a flu, you should get it healed. There's no point in letting it wear your body down.† â€Å"I don't have a flu. I'm not ill.† â€Å"Did you eat bad food? You must report where you got it.† Her prying was very annoying. â€Å"I did not eat bad food, either. I'm healthy.† â€Å"Why don't you have a Healer check? A quick scan-you shouldn't neglect your host. That's irresponsible. Especially when health care is so easy and effective.† I took a deep breath and resisted the urge to shake her again. She was a full head shorter than I was. It was a fight I would win. A fight? I turned away from her and walked swiftly toward my home. I was dangerously emotional. I needed to calm down before I did something inexcusable. â€Å"Wanderer? Wait! The Healer -â€Å" â€Å"I need no Healer,† I said without turning. â€Å"That was just†¦ an emotional imbalance. I'm fine now.† The Seeker didn't answer. I wondered what she made of my response. I could hear her shoes-high heels-tapping after me, so I left the door open, knowing she would follow me in. I went to the sink and filled a glass with water. She waited silently while I rinsed my mouth and spat. When I was through, I leaned against the counter, staring into the basin. She was soon bored. â€Å"So, Wanderer†¦ or do you still go by that name? I don't mean to be rude in calling you that.† I didn't look at her. â€Å"I still go by Wanderer.† â€Å"Interesting. I pegged you for one that would choose her own.† â€Å"I did choose. I chose Wanderer.† It had long been clear to me that the mild spat I'd overheard the first day I woke in the Healing facility was the Seeker's fault. The Seeker was the most confrontational soul I'd come across in nine lives. My first Healer, Fords Deep Waters, had been calm, kind, and wise, even for a soul. Yet he had not been able to help reacting to her. That made me feel better about my own response. I turned around to face her. She was on my small couch, nestled in comfortably as if for a long visit. Her expression was self-satisfied, the bulging eyes amused. I controlled the desire to scowl. â€Å"Why are you here?† I asked again. My voice was a monotone. Restrained. I would not lose control again in front of this woman. â€Å"It's been a while since I heard anything from you, so I thought I would check in personally. We've still made no headway in your case.† My hands clamped down on the edge of the counter behind me, but I kept the wild relief from my voice. â€Å"That seems†¦ overzealous. Besides, I sent you a message last night.† Her eyebrows came together in that way she had, a way that made her look angry and annoyed at the same time, as if you, not she, were responsible for her anger. She pulled out her palm computer and touched the screen a few times. â€Å"Oh,† she said stiffly. â€Å"I haven't checked my mail today.† She was quiet as she scanned through what I had written. â€Å"I sent it very early in the morning,† I said. â€Å"I was half asleep at the time. I'm not sure how much of what I wrote was memory or dream, or sleep-typing, maybe.† I went along with the words-Melanie's words-as they flowed easily from my mouth; I even added my own lighthearted laugh at the end. It was dishonest of me. Shameful behavior. But I would not let the Seeker know that I was weaker than my host. For once, Melanie was not smug at having bested me. She was too relieved, too grateful that I had not, for my own petty reasons, given her away. â€Å"Interesting,† the Seeker murmured. â€Å"Another one on the loose.† She shook her head. â€Å"Peace continues to elude us.† She did not seem dismayed by the idea of a fragile peace-rather, it seemed to please her. I bit my lip hard. Melanie wanted so badly to make another denial, to claim the boy was just part of a dream. Don't be stupid, I told her. That would be so obvious. It said much for the repellent nature of the Seeker that she could put Melanie and me on the same side of an argument. I hate her. Melanie's whisper was sharp, painful like a cut. I know, I know. I wished I could deny that I felt†¦ similarly. Hate was an unforgivable emotion. But the Seeker was†¦ very difficult to like. Impossible. The Seeker interrupted my internal conversation. â€Å"So, other than the new location to review, you have no more help for me on the road maps?† I felt my body react to her critical tone. â€Å"I never said they were lines on a road map. That's your assumption. And no, I have nothing else.† She clicked her tongue quickly three times. â€Å"But you said they were directions.† â€Å"That's what I think they are. I'm not getting anything more.† â€Å"Why not? Haven't you subdued the human yet?† She laughed loudly. Laughing at me. I turned my back to her and concentrated on calming myself. I tried to pretend that she wasn't there. That I was all alone in my austere kitchen, staring out the window into the little patch of night sky, at the three bright stars I could see through it. Well, as alone as I ever was. While I stared at the tiny points of light in the blackness, the lines that I'd seen over and over again-in my dreams and in my broken memories, cropping up at strange, unrelated moments-flashed through my head. The first: a slow, rough curve, then a sharp turn north, another sharp turn back the other way, twisting back to the north for a longer stretch, and then the abrupt southern decline that flattened out into another shallow curve. The second: a ragged zigzag, four tight switchbacks, the fifth point strangely blunt, like it was broken†¦ The third: a smooth wave, interrupted by a sudden spur that swung a thin, long finger out to the north and back. Incomprehensible, seemingly meaningless. But I knew this was important to Melanie. From the very beginning I'd known that. She protected this secret more fiercely than any other, next to the boy, her brother. I'd had no idea of his existence before the dream last night. I wondered what it was that had broken her. Maybe as she grew louder in my head, she would lose more of her secrets to me. Maybe she would slip up, and I would see what these strange lines meant. I knew they meant something. That they led somewhere. And at that moment, with the echo of the Seeker's laugh still hanging in the air, I suddenly realized why they were so important. They led back to Jared, of course. Back to both of them, Jared and Jamie. Where else? What other location could possibly hold any meaning for her? Only now I saw that it was not back, because none of them had ever followed these lines before. Lines that had been as much of a mystery to her as they were to me, until†¦ The wall was slow to block me. She was distracted, paying more attention to the Seeker than I was. She fluttered in my head at a sound behind me, and that was the first I was aware of the Seeker's approach. The Seeker sighed. â€Å"I expected more of you. Your track record seemed so promising.† â€Å"It's a pity you weren't free for the assignment yourself. I'm sure if you'd had to deal with a resistant host, it would have been child's play.† I didn't turn to look at her. My voice stayed level. She sniffed. â€Å"The early waves were challenging enough even without a resistant host.† â€Å"Yes. I've experienced a few settlings myself.† The Seeker snorted. â€Å"Were the See Weeds very difficult to tame? Did they flee?† I kept my voice calm. â€Å"We had no trouble in the South Pole. Of course, the North was another matter. It was badly mishandled. We lost the entire forest.† The sadness of that time echoed behind my words. A thousand sentient beings, closing their eyes forever rather than accept us. They'd curled their leaves from the suns and starved. Good for them, Melanie whispered. There was no venom attached to the thought, only approval as she saluted the tragedy in my memory. It was such a waste. I let the agony of the knowledge, the feel of the dying thoughts that had racked us with our sister forest's pain, wash through my head. It was death either way. The Seeker spoke, and I tried to concentrate on just one conversation. â€Å"Yes.† Her voice was uncomfortable. â€Å"That was poorly executed.† â€Å"You can never be too careful when it comes to doling out power. Some aren't as careful as they should be.† She didn't answer, and I heard her move a few steps back. Everyone knew that the misstep behind the mass suicide belonged to the Seekers, who, because the See Weeds couldn't flee, had underestimated their ability to escape. They'd proceeded recklessly, beginning the first settlement before we had adequate numbers in place for a full-scale assimilation. By the time they realized what the See Weeds were capable of, were willing to do, it was too late. The next shipment of hibernating souls was too far away, and before they'd arrived, the northern forest was lost. I faced the Seeker now, curious to judge the impact of my words. She was impassive, staring at the white nothingness of the bare wall across the room. â€Å"I'm sorry I can't help you further.† I said the words firmly, trying to make the dismissal clear. I was ready to have my house to myself again. To ourselves, Melanie inserted spitefully. I sighed. She was so full of herself now. â€Å"You really shouldn't have troubled yourself to come so far.† â€Å"It's the job,† the Seeker said, shrugging. â€Å"You're my only assignment. Until I find the rest of them, I may as well stick close to you and hope I get lucky.†

Luxury as a Requirement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Luxury as a Requirement - Essay Example The joy and luxury only come about after a long battle for dynasty with the help of God to establish the dynasty. Only time can fade away the memory of the establishment of the dynasty, leading the new generation to forget about the struggle and spirit of togetherness leading to the destruction of the kingdom. Further still, once power is vested in a given royal family, it is passed over to the next generation granting them the luxury of leadership. At a given point after the establishment of the dynasty, the memory of the establishment will fade away. The fading of memory will give way for the people having a new look at their leader and his family. Resultantly, all members of the royal family are considered as leaders. The leadership is shared in the family with less support of the group feeling required, but rather obedience of the people to the government. The help of outsiders in establishing the government may be necessary to retain power. Luxury in the royal family can still be maintained by having influence over other nations in the neighborhood. In some cases, the group feeling of the leader is so strong that it attracts other nations to believe and trust in the leadership of the given leader. As such, when the leader desires to leave the kingdom, other nations embrace them and a re willing to submit to their power thus the leader retains their leadership position in a foreign land. Furthermore, religion has a major role to play in the success of leadership based on group feeling. The royal leaders derive their power from being superior as the people lift them up in the spirit of togetherness. However, it is not easy to divert the people’s mind from the pleasures and treasures of the world to oneness in the interest of the whole group. It is only God who is able to bring the people together in sound mind to disregard worldly pleasure and pursue the interest of the community,

Policy Corruption in New Orleans before and after Hurricane Katrina Essay

Policy Corruption in New Orleans before and after Hurricane Katrina - Essay Example However, this may not always hold true. For one reason or another, there are countries in which those part of the law enforcement agency are not only poor or incompetent at their job, but are more concerned of pursuing their own self-interests rather than to serve and to protect. Of course, the most instinctive solution would be to kick them out of the force, but even this does not always happen – often because the higher-ups remain ignorant, or worse, are themselves complicit in such morally questionable acts. While no law enforcement agency can ever be characterized as perfect – not least because each one will have at least a few shortcomings or problem areas to balance out its strengths – there are those that go as far as they can in the other extreme, not just failing to enforce and uphold law and order but even actively undermining it. In such a case, the so-called law enforcers become little more than goons in uniform, terrorizing the public in a manner not unlike the criminals they are supposed to be hunting down. Unfortunately, even in this day and age, there are law enforcement agencies which can be aptly described in such a manner. One of the more infamous examples in recent memory is the New Orleans Police Force, which was rocked by all manner of issues such as corruption and police brutality in the wake of Hurricane Katrina. This paper is thus intended as a look at the corruption that rocked the NOPD to its foundations in the immediate aftermath of the calamity, hopefully in order to draw conclusions about how best to prevent such a scandal from recurring in the future. NOPD – The Corruption As noted in the New York Times by Treaster and Newman (2005), the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina saw the bulk of the police force dedicated to mounting rescue efforts all over the city. Unfortunately, this also meant that they ended up turning a blind eye to the opportunists who chose that moment to enrich themselves at the cost of th e victims of the disaster. As a matter of fact, the inaction of the police force to these crimes resulted in criminals becoming so audacious as to commit crimes not only in broad daylight, but even in front of officers themselves in some cases – often with only a slap on the wrist to show for it, if at all. In fact, the situation got so bad that even then-City Councilor Jackie Clarkson was forced to acknowledge and lament the rapidly deteriorating situation. The calamity that had struck only recently at that time led to a major, major breakdown in channels of transportation and communications, which in turn led to a disquieting impotence on the part of police officers to properly counteract the terrible, terrible spike in crime rates. Looting in particular became alarmingly common during this time, with the shopkeepers involved forced to defend their property all by themselves. Armed robbery also reached a disturbing level of frequency at this point in the history of New Orle ans, with most of the victims being robbed at gunpoint. For the most part, though, the looting incidents that were reported simply involved calamity victims gathering basic necessities such as food, water and clothing from unattended stores – which, while still being far from legally or morally permissible, were much more understandable in light of the terrible, terrible damage wrought by Hurricane Katrina.

The Connections between American Legal Thought and Other Classes Assignment

The Connections between American Legal Thought and Other Classes - Assignment Example The course also studies the historic aspect of these philosophies and theories in relation to American history. This school of thought is different from other schools of thought that have been studied in the past. However, there is a thin line separating American legal thoughts and other school of thoughts taught in American law curriculum such as American legal theory. This essay will therefore investigate the relationship between American legal thought and American legal theory as the main courses taught in American law schools. American legal thought is built on issues that are of interest to the Americans. This includes social issues like legalization of gay marriages and economical issues such as American current position in international business. On the other hand, past schools of thought are established on formalist law sciences, American legal realism and social jurisprudence. The two schools of thoughts are essential to a law student. However, their significance or benefits can only be achieved if there is a close relationship between the two schools of thoughts. Unlike other schools of thought, American legal though deals or focus on legal theories and philosophy from an American perspective. Other schools of thought are established on universal laws or laws that are common worldwide such as criminal justice. American legal theory focuses on majority theories that are used to create American laws. Although this course is important to a law, student it does not provide a practical application o f these theories. American school of thought links the theoretical aspects of law with reality by relating it with modern day occurrences that are of legal concern. American legal thought has significant differences with other courses taught in the law school including the American legal theory. However, both American legal theory and American legal thought revolve on the legal aspects of American history2. American history is the chronological account of occur rences in America since the end of American civil war. In this context American legal thoughts deals with the implication of key events in the American history to the modern day American society. In addition, this school of thought also considers the influence of key historical events in the formation of modern day American law. On the other hand, American legal theory focuses on how American laws have been founded on the historical aspect of the country since the end of American civil war. This includes major issues such as how American history affects modern day court decision-making process. Legal theory also considers how American history serves as a proof to legal theories. The second relationship or connection between American legal thoughts and American legal theory is their incorporation of legal realism. American legal realism is a branch of legal philosophies that that defy the conventional analysis of US jurisprudence. In the orthodox version of the US jurisprudence, law is considered as a self-sufficient structure or rules and principles that courts use to make logical judgments in both political and judicial perspectives. This implies that the two schools of thoughts are against or challenge the ordinary view of American jurisprudence. This indicates that both the American legal theory and American legal thoughts are established on day-to-day views or occurrences on the American judicial system. This includes the social, moral, political

Discussion12 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discussion12 - Assignment Example embassies as well as the 9/11 attacks in the U.S. soil. U.S. counterterrorism efforts have led to $1 trillion being spent in unending wars. Also, overreliance on oil has led to global warming as a result of emission of green house gases from the burning of gasoline. 2. The idea of America keeping up with the war against communism cannot be ruled out in totality. Instead, I hold the opinion that America should oppose communist’s regimes that deny citizens their basic rights. It is evident that Democracy stands out as the best system of governance as it takes a way power from few individuals and gives it to the people. It is very dangerous to entrust power to just few persons as their selfish interests can drive them into risking the lives of an entire nation. For example, North Korea is a communist state whose leader, Kim Jong-un, is putting the lives of the nation at risk by manufacturing nuclear weapons. Similarly, Hong Kong has recently been protesting against poor leadership in Beijing. Unfortunately, the citizens are denied the power to choose their preferred leader as communist regimes do not provide for that. Therefore, I think United States should continue promoting democracy across the world by setting a good example of how democ racy gives the citizens power. In situations where there is extreme violations of human rights in communist state, America as the leader of the world should intervene by setting up with the right systems of government that can protect the citizens. 3. The idea of immigration into the U.S. is common because of the many opportunities that the country offers. In fact, before I came to America I always had that it is a country of great opportunities. I have come to realize that many people migrate into the U.S. year in search of better jobs, better education, and better life. However, life as an illegal immigrant is not easy as every day you are under constant watch of security officers.

The presence of price-marked packaging has a normative influence in Dissertation

The presence of price-marked packaging has a normative influence in impulse purchase decision - Dissertation Example se 4.2.3 Price-Marked Packages and Brand Preference 4.2.4 Price-Marked Packages and Increased Traffic to Store 4.3 Summary Chapter 5: Conclusions 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Summary of Research Findings 5.3 Implications of the Research Findings 5.4 Research Limitations and Scope for future research List of Figures and Tables Figure 1: Maslows Needs Hierarchy Figure 2: Customer’s Intended Purchase Behaviour Figure 3: Initial Brand Preference of Customers Figure 4: Instore Brand Switch Figure 5: Reasons for Brand Switch . Figure 6: Income Group and Reasons for Brand Switch Figure 7: Buying Decision In the Absence of an Initial Brand Preference. Figure 8: : Buying Decision In the Absence of an Initial Shopping List Figure 9: Differences in Intended and Actual Purchses Figure 10: Reasons for Differences in Intended and Actual Purchses Figure 11: Reasons for Purchasing less than Intended Figure 12: Reasons for Brand Preference Figure 13: Brand Image of Price-Marked Products Figure 14: Cri teria for Brand Assessment Figure 15: Store Preference Figure 16: Store Preference for Price-Marked Products Figure 17: Reasons for Store Preference for Price-Marked Products Table 1: Willingness to Purchase higher priced price-marked products Table 2: Reasons for the Willingness to Purchase higher priced price-marked products List of Appendixes Appendix A: Survey Questionnaire Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Introduction and Background of Research Consumer behavior has been the subject of study for both academicians and marketers from time immemorial as understanding of why consumers buy products or services and how do they make their purchase behaviour is crucial to their selling efforts. Based on the knowledge of what the customers need and what are the features, attributes or contexts within which they judge the product or the organization gives the markers new insights about product development, product designing, packaging or promoting (Kotler and Keller, 2006). The literature on consumer behaviour therefore delves into the cognitive and the affective process by which the consumers make their purchase decisions and these insights are useful for the marketers for the promotion of their products and services. One such consumer behaviour – the impulsive purchase behaviour – is of great interest to the researcher, as it is intriguing to find that people make on the spot purchase decisions and often buy things that they do not need, or buy things in quantities that they do not require, simply due to in store factors like the point of sale displays, discounts, placement of the product on the shelf or the packaging of the product. The impulse behaviour is

Women with guns Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Women with guns - Essay Example The reason that this happens is because these woman are defenseless at late night time, and they do not carry a gun at times when they need to protect themselves. If women knew how to use a gun for the purposes of self-protection, there would be fewer rapes and murders and also women would not be victimized as much. There are many single mothers raising children who sometimes feel defenseless in their own home, especially if they don’t have a male figure to protect them. Single mothers should keep a firearm safely concealeden in their homes in order to protect their young families. The reason for this is that many women are unable to defend themselves from large more, aggressive predator who tries to break in their house to rob or hurt them or their children. Most single mothers have no greater responsibility than to take care of themselves and those they love the most: their children. By allowing women to keep guns in their homes, it would ensure that their households are safe and everyone is protected. Finally, women should carry firearms for their own self-independence. The reason that a woman should carry a gun for self-independence is because they should not have to feel weak and afraid. Allowing a woman to carry a gun will make her feel safe and not afraid of what may be lurking around the next dark corner when they’re on their way home late at night. A woman should never have to feel as if they need a man for protection, so letting women have firearms gives them self-independence and prevents them from being victimized in the future. When a woman has the power of a gun, that she has a gun she has a lower chance of becoming victimized. There are many reasons why a woman should carry a firearm, but the reality is that women are still being victimized. because its the There is a perception and reality that not enough women are carrying

Sample case studies Essay Example for Free

Sample case studies Essay Ans: The given case consists of the product named Burnol which was owned by Boots pure drug co. private limited. The case deals with the failure of the brand in the market. Previously in the 1940’s the sales of the product were huge and at its peak but slowly and steadily as time passed by and the world came up with new technologies the sales of the product started diminishing. Earlier in kitchen housewives used charcoal ovens to cook and often used to have burns while cooking and thus since the color of the cream was yellow similar to turmeric paste the sales of the product was huge and the product was extremely reliable. The first advertisement was also an eye catching one. But from the 60’s new technologies started coming and people started using gas and the rate of accidents and burns fell down. People still now remember the brand Burnol which is used in burns but do not use it. The main issue is that the marketers tried to reposition the brand like an antiseptic or first aid product but failed miserably. It stood nowhere when compared to dettol and other strong products. Finally now the brand is owned by Morepen and is on the way of its success. Q2: What is the consumers involvement in such a product strategy? Ans: The consumers play a very important role in every product strategy because end of the day it’s the consumers who are using the product and the company is making profit. In case of Burnol the repositioning of the brand failed miserably. One reason being that the brand image of the product. The brand had high value in the mind of the consumer but as a burn cream and not some other antiseptic cream. E.g.: Can we ever think of a product like HARPIC MOUTHWASH? Never†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Similar products in the markets failed like Lux Shampoo, Clinic Plus hair oil, etc. All this is due to the mind set of the consumers towards a particular product. We cannot think of a brand except for some particular products. Q3: What strategies would you recommend to change consumers attitude towards the brand? Ans: A brand like Burnol whose brand image is very strong in the mind of the consumers the marketers should come up with new ideas of developing the brand in its same criteria rather than reposition it. Advertisements can be made but not showing a housewife but a teenager getting burnt while working in the chemistry lab or small kids burning themselves while burning crackers during the Diwali festival. People cannot imagine the brand to be something else besides a burn cream and trying to do so will result in only failure. Q4: Why have attempts to reposition the brand failed? Has it anything to do with the consumer’s attitudes or appropriateness of communication messages? Ans: As mentioned earlier the brand image plays a very important role in creating a position or perception in the minds of the consumer. Consumers have different kinds of perceptions in their minds regarding certain products. E.g. A person driving a Mercedes Benz drives it not merely because he has the need of a 4 wheeler but to actually show off his or her status. Therefore if Mercedes ever comes up with a small size car the brand might succeed but. Therefore if Mercedes ever comes up with a small size car the brand might succeed but model Mercedes Benz will terribly fail because that image of having a status able car will no longer will be there. Similarly no one will ever imagine Nike coming up with a Cosmetic product, if so then will miserably fail. These are the various kinds of perceptions people have which are basically known as brand personalities. Similarly in the case of Burnol the attempts made of repositioning the brand failed not because of miscommunication of messages but because of the position the brand had in the minds of the consumer. Case 2: Q1: What significant culture/ sub-culture factors have led to the introduction and sales of the new Colas? Ans: The introduction of the new cola i.e. the Mecca-cola has evolved due to the Islamic culture and their protest against US foreign policy. As we all are aware of the wars between Iraq and US the amount of innocent people dying in the wars. Thus this new cola is introduced to fight against the US. The name Mecca clearly signifies the holy shrine of Muslim religion by their founder Mohammed Hazrat. Coca cola being an American product was not liked by the people since it went against their feelings since the profit from it went entirely to the Americans. But this drink gave the people a feeling that they are not consuming an US product and thus the product was a great success especially in the African and middle east countries. Q2: In your view what significance this development may serve as a pointer for many consumer products? Ans: The main significance the product serves for the consumers is the level of satisfaction since it’s not a US product and secondly the name of the product is related to their religion. People especially who are orthodox are very particular and would not go even an inch against their religion and consuming a product of a country who is killing their own people would be of great offence for them on their part. Thus this development would lead to turning point for many products who would in the future time may come up with more number of products who are religiously related especially in a country like India where people of various races inhabit. Q3: Discuss the impact of cultural factors that may strongly influence product choice. Would they be equally true for high-involvement products as well? Ans: Yes, the impact of culture has always been of great influence on product choice. E.g. their was a baby food product which was of immense success in the United states of America. The company started marketing the product in various other countries but was seen to miserably fail in many parts of Africa. The reason behind the failure was not known. After conducting large number of surveys a point was discovered that generally in Africa the packaging of products especially food products was done in such a way that the ingredients of the products being used are shown in the outside cover. The baby food product by US showed a picture of a baby on their packet and therefore the sales when immensely down not because that the people dint know that there was practically no baby used inside the food their mentality and psychology has become like that which stopped them from buying the product as soon as they saw the baby on the cover. Thus there is a great impact of culture, religion, way of living and many such factors which affects the buying behavior of the consumers. Case 3: Q1: Would marketing in foreign countries require study of a popular country’s culture aspects and buyer behavior before marketing Khadi there? What aspects would need to be studied? Ans: Marketing khadi in foreign countries will undoubtedly require their culture but not to that extent as it would have been needed in India. Mainly because khadi is a word that is related to our nation’s father mahatma Gandhi and emotionally touched with us. The emotional touch is not so much linked with the people outside India. May be the culture aspect would be required for the Indians living abroad but other than that the aspect that needs to be concerned about would be quality, tactics of proper marketing and to make people aware of the value khadi has ands how effective it would be for their used. Q2: Suggest an approach to make Khadi garments popular among Indian youth. Ans: The Indian youth is unaware of the sacrifices our freedom fighters and people like Mahatma Gandhi have done for our freedom, the tortures the British people have made on us. The best way to make the youth aware of Khadi garments would be to make them aware of the sacrifices and the amount of hard days Indians have faced. The way our own gandhiji came up with the concept of khadi so that we don’t use the materials provided by the british. End of the day we are Indians and hence after being aware of all these facts and after realizing the fact that this free life we are living today is all because of such great people the youth will certainly move towards khadi garments. View as multi-pages

Health Information Technology Paper Essay Example for Free

Health Information Technology Paper Essay The facility that of Health Care that I have chosen is Bradford Oaks Nursing Rehabilitation Center, Genesis Healthcare, Clinton Md, 20735. This Nursing home is a Long-term and Short-term nursing home with one level floor holding 180 beds and the facility tries to keep the census up to 170 beds. They are owned by Genesis Healthcare, the population that is served there are 80 percent elderly and the other 10 percent is between the age of 21 and up the younger generation. They offer all types of services at the facility as far as Rehab, Long-term care, Short-term Care, Respite Care, and Hospice Care. There are a very good facility that have accreditation of GENESIS HEALTHCARE RECOGNIZED AS ONE OF THE ACHIEVERS 50 MOST ENGAGED WORKPLACESâ„ ¢ IN THE UNITED STATES, Genesis HealthCare receives Viverae’s 2012 Vanguard Award for developing a healthier workplace culture. The Users of the Health Information at Bradford Oaks Nursing Rehabilitation Center are Physicians who provide the services our patients and residents need in a compassionate and caring environment. Whether it is helping ideas be heard or working to build cooperation amongst business teams. We have Nurses (LPN)-Licensed Practical Nurses One that can provide the services our patients and residents need in a compassionate and caring environment. Whether it is enhancing clinical skills, developing leadership capabilities, or providing strong foundations for career development. We Have (RN) Registered Nurse Use strong physical assessment skills and mastery of fine nursing principles to manage a range of acute care and rehabilitation patients. They develop and implement individualized care plans for patients while assisting with orientation and supervision of nursing staff. Of Course the administrator who plans, organized, direct, and control the operations of a nursing home or its equiva lent (other long-term personal care facilities with or without nursing services) based on policies established by the owner or governing board. We also have the Support Services which are adult day care, meal programs (like Meals-on-wheels), senior centers, friendly visitor programs, help with shopping and transportation, help with legal question, bill paying, or other financial matters. The way we access Health Information is by Paper Medical Records and Electronic Records. The paper records are accessed through medical records clerk in medical records by giving the name and DOB. The Electronic Records are accessed with a system named PointClickCare, threw Genesis Healthcare. There are plenty of systems they used in the facility but PointClickCare is the system that is used threw out the whole building. In different department and everybody PointClickCare is different. They use a system call E-discharged for referrals that are sent from the hospital to the facility regarding a patients clinical information of a patient who either needs long-term care or short-term care needs. They also use a system called (IRM) Intake Referral Management where referrals are sent straight to the facility for patients that either need help with long-term healthcare or short-term healthcare. Some of the system that are used under the PointClickCare System are registration, billing, co ding, computerized physician order entry (CPOE), and nursing system and finance system. I would classify this system based on the description of my Him interviewer is Clinical Support. The functions of this system as explained by my interviewer (R,Shalita,2013) was that the purpose is to have good time management on all of their work and system, getting information at a fast pace and a safe and secure system to protect patient information. The system doesn’t connect/interface with other systems, the system is not user friendly you need a username and password to login and everyone PointClickCare is different depending on their department. This system is very secure, they have vendors to support the maintenance and updated of the systems, especially Genesis Healthcare does have to call their 1-800 number. The strengths of their system is time efficient, communication is clear, its visual to everyone that uses it, give automatic updates, on a patient or if the department updates anything. The PointClickCare HER platform provides an integrated approach to the management of long-term care. By connection clinical, billing, and administration processes across a single, web based platform, information is only entered once, duplicate documentations avoided, staff have more time to spend with residents, errors are reduced, and RUGs are optimized. The templates are completely customizable, they provide consistent, complete, and accurate data. The notes for similar types of exams will appear to be standard and similar, each click adds data elements to the database. Point and click systems create data that can be used to generate clinically useful reports, such as health maintenance reminders and disease management. One of the major advantages of template-based charting is the speed with which i t can make the document available as a medical record. Since notes are created within the EMR, they are available immediately upon completion. There are weakness of the system it takes more time and definitely more concentration for a physician to navigate through a large data set and create progress notes using poingclickcare templates. Templates must by customized per the physician’s requirement, customization can be inflexible and costly. Templates are well-accepted by only tech-savvy doctors, any approach requiring direct data entry by the physician has generally failed because busy providers reject it altogether. The output form these templates is too canned and identical, it loses individuality for each patient. It is difficult for a provider to capture a complete patient encounter on a computer in front of a patient. I learned a lot details about planning, design, implementation, and maintence of the system. The technology section for the long-term care organization reaches beyond software evaluation. Considerations of implementation, training, and support are usually important for holistic care provider solution. PointClickCare’s resources in these critical areas ensure immediate and strategic client success. Implementation services are certified industry experts deliver the best-practices of nearly 5,000 implementations. Dedicated account teams form a strong relationship between PointClickCare and our clients proven methodologies remove risk On-demand and on-site implementation and training offers flexibility in delivery and investment, Support provides the right answers at the right time. Training services are End-user adoption will ultimately drive the success of any technology. PointClickCare’s thorough training programs, delivered onsite, online, or through the application, ar m users with the skills to use PointClickCare on day one: A combination of onsite, web, and on-demand training programs for end-users. Credentialed industry and product expert trainers dedicated to client success during and post-implementation. Ongoing subscriptions for retraining existing or new staff. Support Services are when it comes to technology, your business can’t afford to wait for assistance. PointClickCare’s highly responsive, regionally-dedicated support teams and technical account managers (TAMs) get clients the answers they need, when they need them. PointClickCare’s support organization prevents interruption to operations, freeing clients to focus on their core business: get answers quickly with regular and emergency support types. The right support at the right time with 3 tiers of problem escalation regionally dedicated teams understand and can provide solutions to localized issues. On-Demand resources (Customer Resource Center) provides end-use r support directly within the application. I found that the system PointclickCare is very secure and organized HER, and the PointClickCare is adding more customers per month than any other vendor on the market. That’s because their web-based solutions are uniquely designed to help long-term care providers of all sizes manage the complete lifecycle of resident care. From pre-admission to discharge, our integrated approach to EHR streamlines clinical, MDS, billing, and administrative processes with maintenance-free software that is as robust as it is easy to use. Some of the key strengths where that they provide consistent, complete, and accurate data. The weakness of the system were that It takes more time—and definitely more concentration—for a physician to navigate through a large data set and create progress notes using point-and-click templates. There could be improve as far as the weakness but I believe that as time goes on and the system continues to get updated they will fix the little issue the sys tem has as of right now. Reference (Healthcare Center, Genesis, (2012). Our Services. Retrieved form, http://www.genesishcc.com/our-services/our-services-overview) (R. Shalita, Personal Communication, August 15, 2013) (Wessinger, Mike, (2000-2013). PointClickCare. Retrieved from, http://www.pointclickcare.com/corp_site/company/management.jsp)

Office for Budget Responsibility

Office for Budget Responsibility Office for Budget Responsibility The Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) is an executive non-departmental public body of HM Treasury.[i] It was established in 2010 to provide independent and authoritative analysis on the sustainability of the UK’s public finance.[ii] The Office was placed on a statutory footing through the Budget Responsibility and National Audit Act 2011. This statutory right grants OBR full access to all Government information relevant to its analysis together with the Treasury’s macroeconomic, forecasting and analytical models.[iii] George Osborne’s intention was to restore public faith in official economic and fiscal forecasting when a run of persistently overoptimistic projections for public borrowing under previous governments has undermined the Treasury’s credibility.[iv] Contents: Structure Main Responsibilities Relationship with UK Government Criticism and Controversies Future of OBR Further Reading References Structure The Office consists of a Budget Responsibility Committee (BRC), an Oversight Board, an Advisory Panel of economic and fiscal experts, and 18 permanent civil servants. The BRC is chaired by Robert Chote and include Steve Nickell CBE and Graham Parker CBE. They carry out the core functions within the office and have full discretion over the scope and nature of its judgements on the forecasts. [v] OBR’s Oversight Board saw the inclusion of two non-executive members into office. They monitor and assess the effectiveness of OBR’s operational and governance arrangements.[vi] Main Responsibilities The 4 main tasks outlined in the Parliamentary Legislation: To publish at least two five-year fiscal and economic forecasts each year which includes the likely impact of any tax and spending measures announced by the Chancellor. (Economic and Fiscal Outlook) To assess whether the Government is on course to meeting the fiscal targets that it has set itself and the possible risks that may be involved. (Economic and Fiscal Outlook) To scrutinize and comment publicly on the Treasury’s costing of tax and welfare spending measures. (Forecast Evaluation Report) To analysis and report on the health of the public sector’s balance sheet and the long term sustainability of the public finances on existing policies[vii] (Fiscal Sustainability Report) It differs from other economic forecasters and agencies, because the OBR is more focused on using variables such as nominal GDP and its component in explaining public finances[viii] and it provides ex-ante projections rather than ex-post audits of expenditure. [ix] Relationship with UK Government A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) establishes a transparent framework for cooperation between the OBR and HM Treasury, the Department of Work and Pensions and HM Revenue and Customs.[x] It sets out the working relationship between each body based on three guiding principles of accountability and transparency, effective co-ordination and regular information exchange.[xi] This memorandum, however, does not constitute a legally binding agreement[xii]. The OBR is funded via Grant-in-Aid from HM Treasury’s supply estimate, which is subject to Parliamentary control. The OBR agreed a four year, flat cash funding allocation of  £1.75 million per year with the Treasury during the 2010 Spending Review.[xiii] Criticism and Controversies Despite the OBR’s stance of full transparency around its analysis and projections[xiv], some have questioned its credibility. When the OBR got embroiled in a complicated row about government employment forecasts, it raised doubts about just how independent it really was.[xv] The creation of the OBR was seen as a modest institutional change since control over fiscal policy remains firmly in the hands of the Chancellor.[xvi] The credibility of the OBR regarding it’s accuracy have also been under attack constantly. When the OBR admitted that its forecast on the economy’s size in 2015 was out by  £65billion[xvii], Treasury Select Committee member Jesse Norman commented on the â€Å"illusion of technocratic expertise† in the OBR and predictions often involve â€Å"a very high level of guesswork†.[xviii] Former Monetary Policy Committee member David Blanchflower have also criticized the OBR’s growth forecasts in the 2012 Budget submission, to be too â€Å"widely optimistic† and citing that the OBR have frequently needed to revise downwards from its initial forecast.[xix] The OBR’s assessment over the estimated policy impact has also, in some instances, undermined currently enacting policies such as those relating to immigration in UK.[xx] Future of OBR OBR has played an increasingly important role in assessing the Government’s performance in other areas. OBR is undertaking additional responsibilities related to the welfare gap, assessing and opining on government’s performance against the cap and whether the relevant spending is forecast to stay within the cap.[xxi] In December 2013, Current Shadow Chancellor Ed Balls announced his belief that OBR should play an important role, not just for the current government but for prospective governments.[xxii] He proposed the OBR to take up the role of assessing Labour’s tax and spend policies before the next General Election in 2015. [xxiii] The role of the OBR has increasingly been compared with similar independent fiscal institutions such as the US Congressional Budget Office (CBO).[xxiv] Colin Talbot, Chair of Public Policy and Management at University of Manchester, believes that by undertaking this additional role, it will potentially make financial debates during elections more factual based. [xxv] Andrew Tyrie, Chairman of the Treasury Select Committee, added that it will â€Å"enhance the quality of debate on tax and spend†.[xxvi] Former Number 10 Policy Unit special adviser Dan Corry, similarly, argues that getting the OBR to cost Labour’s policies ahead of the election wou ld be a step forward for UK democracy.[xxvii] But this will require a change in the governing Charter of Budget Responsibility. [xxviii] However, some people have denounced this proposal stating the fear that OBR may end up being abused and used as a political tool. Word Count: 879 (Excluding Further Readings and References) Further Readings List of other similar fiscal watchdogs: Swedish Fiscal Council Report 2013 The role of Australia’s Parliamentary Budget Office The World’s Oldest Fiscal Watchdog: Netherlands Bureau for Economic Analysis Case Studies of Fiscal Councils – Functions and Impact Other areas which has required OBR expertise 4G spectrum auction UK Swiss tax agreement Anti-avoidance measures References [i] https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/office-for-budget-responsibility. Retrieved 22 February [ii] Official Office for Budget Responsibility Website [iii] Memorandum of Understanding between Office for Budget Responsibility, HM Treasury, Department for Work and Pensions and HM Revenue Customs, April 2011 [iv] The new forecaster in chief, The Economist, 9 September 2010. Retrieved 22 February 2014 [v] Examination of the forecasts prepared by the interim Office for Budget Responsibility for the emergency Budget 2010, 22 June 2010. Retrieved 22 February 2014 [vi] Office for Budget Responsibility’s Annual report and accounts 2011-2012, 19 June 2012 [vii] Memorandum of Understanding, April 2011 [viii] Office for Budget Responsibility’s Economic and fiscal outlook, March 2012 [ix] Independent Fiscal Institutions: Developing Good Practices by George Kopits [x] Memorandum of Understanding, April 2011 [xi] Memorandum of Understanding, April 2011 [xii] Memorandum of Understanding, April 2011 [xiii] Letter from Robert Chote to Lord Myners â€Å"Re: Costs and staff arrangements at the Office for Budget Responsibility†, October 2011 [xiv] Office for Budget Responsibility’s Annual report and accounts 2011-2012, 19 June 2012 [xv] The new forecaster in chief, The Economist, 9 September 2010. Retrieved 22 February 2014 [xvi] â€Å"The new forecaster in chief†, The Economist, 9 September 2010. Retrieved 22 February 2014 [xvii] Wintour, Patrick (6 December 2011), â€Å"OBR attacked by MPs over economic forecasts†. Guardian (UK). Retrieved 22 February [xviii] Wintour, Patrick (6 December 2011), â€Å"OBR attacked by MPs over economic forecasts†. Guardian (UK). Retrieved 22 February [xix] Blanchflower, David (22 March 2012), â€Å"David Blanchflower: The OBR’s credibility is in tatters†. The Independent (UK). Retrieved 22 February [xx] Kirkup, James (14 January 2014), â€Å"Immigration has a positive impact, says Office for Budget Responsibility head†. The Daily Telegraph, Retrieved 22 February [xxi] Letter from George Osborne to Robert Chote, 3 December 2013 [xxii] Letter from Ed Balls to Robert Chote, 22 September 2013 [xxiii] Johnstone, Richard (23 September 2013), â€Å"Labour proposes OBR scrutiny of spending plans†, Public Finance, Retrieved 22 February [xxiv] Von Trapp, Lisa (7 June 2011), The Role of Independent Fiscal Institutions, Budgeting and Public Expenditures Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development [xxv] Talbot, Colin (24 September 2013), â€Å"Balls, Budget and OBR-plus†, Public Finance, Retrieved 22 February [xxvi] Watt, Nicholas (15 October 2013), â€Å"Andrew Tyrie confirms support of Ed Balls’ plan for monitoring spending†, Guardian (UK). Retrieved 22 February [xxvii] Corry, Dan (26 September 2013), â€Å"OBR audit: don’t expect miracles†, Public Finance, Retrieved 22 February [xxviii] Letter from Robert to Ed Balls, 23rd September 2013

Analytical Evaluation of Freud Essay -- essays research papers

Based on the past information and the information I acquired during the duration of this course I chose to do my evaluation on Erik Erikson using the classical psychoanalysis of Sigmund Freud and Carl Rogers using the non-Freudian / interpersonal approach from Adler and Jung. Since there is no way to tell if either theory is right or wrong it is imperative that we discover our own theory among the popular ones and derive our own method of practice based on our current knowledge. This is done by comparing and evaluating each psychologist and their own theories to derive a common ground among each of them. In response to Erik Erikson and his approach on ego psychology he was an insecure child growing up who had problems with identity confusion. According to Freud and the classical psychoanalysis, this could possibly be a reflection of his Oedipus complex in where he can not identify with his father nor can he get close to his mother. Since he is dealing with his own confusion of his own identity he can no longer have feelings of closeness with either parent causing him to feel abandoned. His father abandoned him at an early age and so he never had that feeling of closeness with his father. Being as though he did not have that male role during his growing up he can not feel that sense of love coming from either parent which caused him to come up with the ego identity model in his own practices. Freud didn't exactly invent the idea of the conscious versus unconscious mind, but he certainly was responsible for making it popular. The conscious mind is what you are aware of at any particular moment, your present perceptions, memories, thoughts, fantasies, feelings, what have you. Working closely with the conscious mind is what Freud called the preconscious, what we might today call "available memory:" anything that can easily be made conscious, the memories you are not at the moment thinking about but can readily bring to mind. Now no-one has a problem with these two layers of mind. But Freud suggested that these are the smallest parts! Freud created a sense of super ego where you internalize the parental standards, ideas, and prohibitions. Since Erikson had no parents to identify with his sense of standards were nonexistent. He had a feeling of inferiority in rel... ...p; Obviously, everyone suffers from inferiority in one form or another. For example, Adler began his theoretical work considering organ inferiority, that is, the fact that each of us has weaker, as well as stronger, parts of our anatomy or physiology. Some of us are born with heart murmurs, or develop heart problems early in life; Some have weak lungs, or kidneys, or early liver problems; Some of us stutter or lisp; Some have diabetes, or asthma, or polio; Some have weak eyes, or poor hearing, or a poor musculature; Some of us have innate tendencies to being heavy, others to being skinny; Some of us are retarded, some of us are deformed; Some of us are terribly tall or terribly short; And so on and so on. Both Erikson and Rogers possessed different qualities that can be attributed to other psychologists to evaluate themselves and their performance in the world of psychology. Each different theorist created a different contribution to psychology and neither one is right or wrong. It is up to each individual person to create their own image of what is right or wrong and what they want to teach in their lives and use in their every day life.

A Sunday Night Tradition Essay -- Essays Papers

A Sunday Night Tradition Sunday nights are a special time around my house back at home in Wheaton, Illinois. They are a time when my family all gets together and has dinner as a group. It is a time when we all get to talk and share our stories of how our weeks went, what is to come in the following week, and other various topics. This whole Sunday night ritual always takes place in our dining room. The dining room is attached to our kitchen; it is a small room, just large enough to fit our large oak dining room table. Around the table sits six large, old, creaky chairs. Week after week, year after year, we are always in the same formation around that table. My father sits at the head of the table, it is a position that illustrates respect and is furthest away from the kitchen, perhaps saying he wants nothing to do with the cooking and cleaning up duties. He is always first to sit down and the last to leave the table, because he enjoys his time with the family so much he wants to make it as long as possible. My mother sits on the opposite end of the table, the closest seat to the kitchen, which makes perfect sense because she is always the last person to be seated and is constantly getting up to get something from the kitchen. On the other side of the table sits my little nine-year old brother, he sits next to my dad because he is always in his shadow, he looks up to him and imitates nearly everything he does. He sits next to the furthest from the kitchen bec...

New Business Plan for a Gas Station Start Up

The customer need that will be satisfied is that my gas station will have gasoline, diesel, and a service station to get the repairs or inspections they will need to have. There will be a free air pump, so they can have the option of filling up their tires. I will also have coffee, snacks and different beverages the customer can purchase as well, so they can also fuel up their bodies as well for the ride they are going to make.The product will be unique by my station having a self service, but also a full service section for customers at no extra cost, but if the customer is getting 5 gallons or less than there will be a slight increase on the price per gallon. I will have two self service gasoline pumps; two full service gasoline pumps that are double sided so that’s make 8 pumps for gasoline. I will have one diesel pump, which the one side will be self service and the other side will be full service.The full service section will have a line on the ground that when they ride over it a bell will ring and the employee will know there is someone waiting to get full service. Along with the full service I will have the employee offer them if they would like their windows to be cleaned, their oil to be checked, and if they would like a beverage or a snack while they are waiting for their fuel. I will also make sure that the pavement is cleaned every day. There will be a canopy to cover the fuel pumps and will make sure there is proper lighting and have some calming music playing while the customer waits.I will have a great color scheme to my gas station to make it stand out. There will be neon lights that will trim the canopy and pumps, so at night it will make it more appealing to the customer and hopefully will draw them in. I will also offer a card that can be scanned at the pump when they pull up that will have a record of their purchases and for every $100. 00 they have spent, not including the service station, I will offer them $. 10 off a gallon. This offer can be accumulated over a month, so depending on how much they spend they can accumulate up to getting $. 0 off a gallon. Though, this offer is only valid for the month pertaining to the purchases they made, so if they do not use the discount then the next month it will be erased and will start over again. The customers that will be coming to my gas station are ones with gasoline, diesel, or even hybrid cars and motorcycles that need to be taken care of. There will even be landscaping and other similar customers coming to filling up their small engines. I will also have customers that will be coming for the service station to get repairs or inspections done to their cars.I will not be able to service 18-wheelers though, but they can still get their diesel. I will also not be able to have a mechanic for motorcycles unless he/she has the proper training along with their automotive training. Their profiles are people who range from the lower upper-class to the middle upper-class. There will be both male and female’s who are coming to the station with their ages being from 18 and up. They’ll be high school and college students along with people who are working and even people who aren’t working that just are getting gas for whatever they are putting the fuel in. In the town my gas station resides, the population is %54. 4 African Americans, %29. 6 Caucasian, %8. 7 Asian American, %4. 3 Hispanic, %2. 4 with two or more races, %0. 2 native Hawaiian and other Pacific islanders, %0. 2 other race, and %0. 1 American Indian, which is a total of 2668 thousand residents† (Advameg, Inc, 2011) These people will be living in the area of my gas station or in the surrounding area of East Lansdowne, PA. They may work in the area at the local stores that surround my gas station. They may work in center city or in the west/south west Philadelphia region.The customer may also work out towards the Springfield mall up Baltimore avenue I may also get people who are going to the gym or going out for the day or night to have a day of fun on the weekend or a day off from their jobs. The customer wants a gas station that will allow them to be in and out as quick as possible so they can continue on with where they are going to go. The customers’ needs are that they feel that this is a place that will take care of them and will treat them with the most upstanding customer service so they will keep on coming back.With the amenities I will provide I will hopefully be going above and beyond their expectations of the service they would receive at another gas station. The customer may need to use the service station, and they’re vehicle will be treated with the proper care it deserves. The Exxon station, located at the corner of Baltimore Avenue and Church lane in East Lansdowne, PA. The Giant supermarket that has a gas station that’s located right by Baltimore avenue and Union avenue in east Lansdowne, PA. The Exxon s tation’s strengths are that they sell cigarettes and have the lottery.They also have a convenience store that you can go inside with an ATM machine in it. Their weaknesses are that there is only one employee that works there. They have an air pump and vacuum section that you have to pay for. They do not have a full service option, nor do they have a service station to work on vehicles or a diesel fuel pump. It also isn’t a very clean or well maintained place. The Giant supermarket’s strengths are that they have the same option of accumulating points from purchases made inside of their supermarket.They also have an entire supermarket that their customers can do their shopping and then head over to the gas pump after with a free air pump as well. Their weaknesses are that in order to get the discount on the gas you have to buy products from their supermarket, whereas at my station the gas is included in the point system. They also do not offer a full service optio n even though there is a gas attendant there to supervise the gas station section. Their other weakness is that the gas station is in the very back of the property so some customer’s may only think there is just the supermarket.They also do not have a service station for repairs, nor do they carry diesel fuel. They Exxon station might try to add a full service feature, but that would be hard with only one attendant there working inside the convenience store. They may to try and make their air pump free for customers. They may also try to add a diesel pump. The Giant supermarket has a little more trouble trying to do a lot of changes because it’s a big company so they’d have to get the OK from the higher ups, but they may also try to add a full service option along with adding the diesel option.I feel neither of them would be able to match the service station part because Exxon has limited room and the Giant probably doesn’t have any intentions of adding t hat because their main focus is the supermarket with the gas being a side thing. â€Å"Sunoco is committed to sustainable business practices. Sunoco adopts business strategies and activities that meet the needs of the business and its stakeholders today while protecting, sustaining and enhancing the human and natural resources that will be needed in the future. † (Sunoco, Inc. 2013) â€Å"A promoter of clean energy alternatives, BJ’s Wholesale Club strives to implement environmentally conscious business practices when possible. BJ’s Wholesale promotes energy efficient methods of harvesting electricity, and many BJ’s stores use solar panels to harvest energy. BJ’s stores also participate in local recycling and waste management programs†¦. Primarily operating from large warehouse-style retail locations, BJ’s Wholesale Club offers club members a wide range of products and services. BJ’s sells everything from food and clothing to ga soline and home office supplies. BJ’s also operates an online store. (BJ's Wholesale Club, Inc, 2013) I plan on being an independent gas station and plan on getting my gas and diesel from the Sunoco/Carlyle Group, which is located at 3144 W Passyunk Ave, Philadelphia, PA. I plan on buying my coffee and snacks from BJ’s, which is located at 1260 E. Woodland Ave. Springfield, PA 19064. I do not want to have a franchise with Sunoco, so it will be considered an â€Å"unbranded fuel†. (Sunoco, Inc. , 2013) I expect the relationship with Sunoco/Carlyle Group to be one that I can have a regular set date or dates that they will come and top off what fuels I need.With BJ’s I just expect to pay their â€Å"BJ’s Business yearly payment of $50 to get the items I need, and with the business card I am able to have my items be tax-exempt and have them available for resale. † (BJ's Wholesale Club, Inc. , 2013) The location cost for the property I plan to bu y is $600,000 as is and it’s because it is a closed down gas station. (County of Delaware, 2013) The legalities to having a gas station is that there have to be yearly inspections done by the state to make sure everything is ok.They check the soil for contamination and check to make sure the underground tanks are at the right depth. The state inspectors make sure that each pump is properly working and up to date with the correct parts. â€Å"The ‘U. S. Environmental Protection Agency’ that the pumps are only pumping 10 gallons per minute. † (U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, 1997) They also make sure that all my licenses are up to date and make sure that we are operating under the proper protocols provided by the state. I would want to own and refurbish a facility.There is one at 401 East Baltimore Avenue that has exactly what I am looking for. It was recently a Sunoco station, but all the Sunoco signs and words have been taken down so it looks like a blank slate. It has a three car garage with the lifts still in it and an air pump already in place. The only thing I would have to add is the diesel pump to the facility and to have the underground tank for the diesel to be placed in. I would have to have someone come out and make sure that the pumps work and have someone come in and check out the lifts in the garage to make sure they are up to par as well.I will purchase any necessary parts that the maintenance guys found wrong with the pumps and the lifts in the service station. I will have to purchase the line that runs on the ground for the full service section of the gas station to let the employee know the customer is there. I will also have to invest in the tools required for the service station so that the employees have the proper equipment needed to work on the vehicle. I need to have the signs and all the proper naming of my gas station placed on the property along with the neon lighting. I will purchase the speakers tha t will be playing the calming music for the customers.I will have to get the proper licensing from the state to be able to give inspections to vehicles. I will be open 7 days a week from 5am until 11pm, but the service station will only be open from 8am until 8 pm. I will need to have an employee who is in charge of the cash register and assigning the gas to the right pump. I will need to have a mechanic that will take care of the service station. I will need to hire an employee that can take care of the full service part of the gas station. I will have at least 2 to 3 cashiers that will be able to work part-time shifts.I will need to have at least 2 to 3 mechanics that will be able to work part-time or full-time shifts, but only will need one mechanic available during each shift. If there are days that the service station is overloaded with cars I may need to call in one of the other mechanics to come in and help out. I will need at least 2 to 3 part-time employees that will need t o be in charge of the full service section, but will only need one employee at a time during the shift. I will also be at the gas station from time to time to make sure things are the way they are supposed to be.The cashier person will need to be able to work the cashier and be able to set the right amount of gas to the right pump for the customer with the proper customer service skill to keep the customer happy. The cashier will also have to differentiate whether the person is at the self service or the full service station to make the right adjustments in prices and know about the 5 gallon or less rule. The mechanics will have to give me a proper resume or some sort of certification that they are real mechanics and are able to work on different brand vehicles.The mechanic should be responsible for removing, installing, diagnosing, repairing, disassembling and assembling parts, components and engines while performing all duties according to safety procedures. (Salary. com, 2013) Th e mechanics should know how to properly approach the customer and kindly ask them what it is they need. The employee in charge of the full service station is going to need to be properly dressed in a uniform; while wearing a new pair of gloves for every customer they service.The full service employee will also need to know how to clean the windows properly and be able to check to make sure the oil level is correct in the car if they are asked to check for that. The full service employee will also need to have the best customer service skills to keep the customer pleased and will need to be able to communicate with the cashier on what their total will be when they are asking if they can get the customer a beverage or a snack while the customer waits to be fueled up. The cost of the cashier position per hour will be $8. 00 an hour with the potential to gain a raise every 6 months. (Salary. om, 2013) The mechanics will be working for $18. 00 an hour and also have the potential to get a raise every 6 months and/or if they show they work at a fast rate with quality work being done. (Salary. com, 2013) The full service employee will receive $8. 00 an hour with the potential to gain a raise every 6 months and/or if they show fast, quality customer service. (Salary. com, 2013) At the end of the year, excluding leap years, I would potentially be paying my cashiers’ and full service employees’ $52,560 (gross pay). At the end of the year, excluding leap years, I would potentially be paying my mechanics’ $78,840 (gross pay).Works Cited Advameg, Inc. (2011). East Lansdowne, Pennsylvania. Retrieved from city-data. com: http://www. city-data. com/city/East-Lansdowne-Pennsylvania. html BJ's Wholesale Club, Inc. (2013). About Us. Retrieved from bjs. com: http://www. bjs. com/about-us. content. about. A BJ's Wholesale Club, Inc. (2013). Membership Options/Join. Retrieved from bjs. com: http://www. bjs. com/info. aboutmembership. options County of Delaware. (2013). Delaware County Real Estate Parcels & Tax Records System. Retrieved from w01. co. delaware. pa. us: http://w01. co. delaware. pa. us/publicaccess. asp? unicipality=00&realdistaddress=Submit&HNumber=&Street=a&Folio=&Map=&UAYN=Y Salary. com. (2013). Automotive Mechanic. Retrieved from Salary. com: http://swz. salary. com/salarywizard/Automotive-Mechanic-II-Hourly-Salary-Details. aspx Salary. com. (2013). Cashier. Retrieved from Salary. com: http://swz. salary. com/SalaryWizard/Retail-Cashier-Full-Time-Hourly-Salary-Details. aspx Salary. com. (2013). Job Details . Retrieved from Salary. com: http://swz. salary. com/salarywizard/Automotive-Mechanic-II-Job-Description. aspx Salary. com. (2013). Service Station Attendant.Retrieved from Salary. com: http://swz. salary. com/salarywizard/Service-Station-Attendant-Hourly-Salary-Details. aspx Sunoco, Inc. (2013). Corporate Responsibility. Retrieved from hesreport. sunocoinc. com: http://hesreport. sunocoinc. com/fw/main/Home-1192. html Sunoco, Inc. (2013). Wholesale Marketing. Retrieved from sunocoinc. com: https://www. sunocoinc. com/retail/wholesale-marketing/index U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY. (1997, 09 24). the EPA 10 gallon per minuter fuel dispensing limit. Retrieved from epa. gov: http://www. epa. gov/oms/regs/ld-hwy/evap/spitback. txt

Display Task

Assessment Task for TDA 2. 13 Provide Displays in School Submission for LO1 – 15 May other dates to be determined by assessor visits You will have been asked to do a display in school. Before you do this (Or retrospectively) produce a work product that describes the following: LO1 . 1 In what ways did you use the school policy for displays? If there is no policy what guidance from the teacher did you follow? LO 1. 2 Using your knowledge of school practices describe the importance And purposes of displays.If you refer to the taught session notes please make sure you link them with your practice using examples. LO 1. 3 Give examples to describe how the display you are planning and others in the school are used in the learning process. LO 1. 4 Describe the risk assessment procedures you would need to follow, if you identify any risks what will you do about them? Other methods LO 2. 1 You will need to produce a plan of the design and content of the display you will be creating.You MUST agree the purpose with the relevant member of school staff. They should sign this for you and you can show this to your assessor. Please ensure in the plan you have covered elements of the LO’s in LO1 and how you will be involving the pupils. Remember the more detailed the plan the more LO’s can be professionally discussed with your assessor when she/he visits the school so look at the unit as a whole. A professional discussion with your assessor can take place to discuss your plan and how you involved the pupils.In addition you should make notes on how you will evidence LO4. If as suggested you are keeping a diary you can refer back to that for notes on when you maintained and revamped your display. This will help you identify the optimum duration of a display. All this does not have to be limited to your display, you may wish to develop your practice in maintain other displays in school, ( With the teachers permission of course)

Psychology Notes

Notes Definition of psychology: Psychology: the science of behavior and mental processes Science: approach to knowledge based on systematic observation Behavior: directly observable and measurable human actions Mental processes: private psychological activities that include thinking, perceiving, and feeling Theories: tentative explanation of facts and relationship in sciences 4 goals of psychology: 1 . Describe: the information gathered through specific research helps psychologists describe psychological phenomena more accurately and completely. Predict: psychologists are able to predict future behavior. 3. Understand: behavior and mental processes when we can explain why they happen. 4. Influence: psychologists hope to go beyond description, understanding, and prediction to Influence behavior in beneficial ways. Introspection: the process of looking inward at one's own consciousness Structuralism: the 19th century school of psychology that sought to determine the structure of the mi nd through controlled introspection.Gestalt psychology: the school of thought based on the belief that human unconsciousness cannot be broken down into Its elements Gestalt: an organized or unified whole Phi phenomenon: the perceptions of apparent movement between two stationary stimuli J. Henry Olsson: is the best known for his studies of the sensations of heat and cold. He discovered that we feel cold when one kind of nerve ending in the skin is stimulated, and we feel warm feel intense heat only when both the warmth and cold receptors in the skin are stimulated at the same time.Functionalism: the 19th century school of psychology that emphasized the useful functions of consciousness Cognition: mental processes of perceiving, beveling, talking, remembering, knowing, deciding, and so on. Cognitive processes, such as perception, memory, and thinking Hermann Banishes: he memorized lists of information and measured his memory for them after different intervals of time.He invented an e ntirely new set of meaningless items for his experiment called nonsense syllables such as KEBAB and MUG. Mary Whiten Calking: was a prominent teacher and researcher who was a leader in research on memory. She developed a method to study memory that differed from Banishes. She also pioneered the scientific study of dreams. Alfred Bines (Psychometrics): the useful functions of conscious mental processes in a very different but very practical direction. He developed a way to measure intelligence.Psychometrics: the perspective in psychology founded by Bines that focuses on the measurement of mental functions Behaviorism: the school of psychology that emphasizes the process of learning and the measurement of overt behavior Social learning theory: the viewpoint that the most important aspects of our behavior re learned from other persons in society?family, friends, and culture Unconscious mind: all mental activity of which we are unaware Motives: internal states or conditions that activat e behavior and give it direction Psychoanalysis: the technique of helping persons with emotional problems based on Sigmund Fraud's theory of the unconscious mind Humanistic psychology: the psychological view that human beings possess an innate tendency to improve and determine their lives by the decisions they make Neuroscience perspective: the viewpoint in psychology that focuses on the nervous yester in explaining behavior and mental processes Coloratura perspective: the theory of psychology that states that it is necessary to understand one's culture, ethnic identity, and other coloratura factors to fully understand a person Culture: the patterns of behavior, beliefs, and values shared by a group of people ancestors Ethnic identity: each person's sense of belonging to a particular ethnic group Gender identity: one's view of oneself as male of female Cultural relativity: the perspective that promotes thinking of different cultures in elate terms rather than Judgmental terms Colora tura factors in the history of psychology: Laurel Promote and Elizabeth Scarborough, Leonard Crasser, and Ellen Kismet have helped change our view of the role of women in the history of psychology by reminding us of some key facts. In the early days of psychology, it was extremely difficult of the most qualified women to obtain admission to graduate programs, when they receive training; they were rarely offered teaching position at the male- dominated institutions that they had the best equipped laboratories. Basic Areas of Modern Psychology: 1 .Biological psychology: study the ways in which the nervous system and other organs provide the basis for behavior. 2. Sensation and perception: how the sense organs operate and how we interpret incoming sensory information in the process of perception 3. Learning and memory: the ways in which we learn and remember new information, new skills, new habits, and new ways of relating to other people are studied in this problem solving 4. Cognitio n: with intelligent action: thinking, receiving, planning, imagining, creating, dreaming, speaking, listening, and problem solving 5. Developmental psychology: with changes that take place in people during their life span, as they grow from birth to old age 6.Motivation and emotion: the needs and states that activate and guide behaviors, such as hunger, thirst, sex, the need of achievement, the need to have relationships with others. The nature of the feelings and moods that color human experience is also a topic of this specialty 7. Personality: focuses on the more or less consistent ways of behaving that heartier our personalities 8. Social psychology: the influence of other people on our behavior: the behavior of people in groups, mobs, or organizations; interpersonal attraction and intimate relationships; and attitudes and prejudice toward others 9. Coloratura psychology: focus on ethnic and cultural factors, gender identity, sexual orientation, and related issues. Applied Areas of Modern Psychology: 1 .Clinical psychology: try to understand and treat emotional problems and correct abnormal behavior 2. Counseling psychology: help people with personal or school robbers and with career choices 3. Industrial and organizational psychology: focuses on ways to match employees to Jobs, to train and motivate workers, and to promote Job satisfaction and good relationships among workers 4. Educational and school psychology: is concerned with the ways children learn in the classroom and focus on the ways in which pressures, conflicts, hardships, and other factors contribute to poor health. To prevent health problems such as heart disease by teaching people to relax, exercise, control their diets, and stop high risk behaviors, such as smoking. Psychology Notes Notes Definition of psychology: Psychology: the science of behavior and mental processes Science: approach to knowledge based on systematic observation Behavior: directly observable and measurable human actions Mental processes: private psychological activities that include thinking, perceiving, and feeling Theories: tentative explanation of facts and relationship in sciences 4 goals of psychology: 1 . Describe: the information gathered through specific research helps psychologists describe psychological phenomena more accurately and completely. Predict: psychologists are able to predict future behavior. 3. Understand: behavior and mental processes when we can explain why they happen. 4. Influence: psychologists hope to go beyond description, understanding, and prediction to Influence behavior in beneficial ways. Introspection: the process of looking inward at one's own consciousness Structuralism: the 19th century school of psychology that sought to determine the structure of the mi nd through controlled introspection.Gestalt psychology: the school of thought based on the belief that human unconsciousness cannot be broken down into Its elements Gestalt: an organized or unified whole Phi phenomenon: the perceptions of apparent movement between two stationary stimuli J. Henry Olsson: is the best known for his studies of the sensations of heat and cold. He discovered that we feel cold when one kind of nerve ending in the skin is stimulated, and we feel warm feel intense heat only when both the warmth and cold receptors in the skin are stimulated at the same time.Functionalism: the 19th century school of psychology that emphasized the useful functions of consciousness Cognition: mental processes of perceiving, beveling, talking, remembering, knowing, deciding, and so on. Cognitive processes, such as perception, memory, and thinking Hermann Banishes: he memorized lists of information and measured his memory for them after different intervals of time.He invented an e ntirely new set of meaningless items for his experiment called nonsense syllables such as KEBAB and MUG. Mary Whiten Calking: was a prominent teacher and researcher who was a leader in research on memory. She developed a method to study memory that differed from Banishes. She also pioneered the scientific study of dreams. Alfred Bines (Psychometrics): the useful functions of conscious mental processes in a very different but very practical direction. He developed a way to measure intelligence.Psychometrics: the perspective in psychology founded by Bines that focuses on the measurement of mental functions Behaviorism: the school of psychology that emphasizes the process of learning and the measurement of overt behavior Social learning theory: the viewpoint that the most important aspects of our behavior re learned from other persons in society?family, friends, and culture Unconscious mind: all mental activity of which we are unaware Motives: internal states or conditions that activat e behavior and give it direction Psychoanalysis: the technique of helping persons with emotional problems based on Sigmund Fraud's theory of the unconscious mind Humanistic psychology: the psychological view that human beings possess an innate tendency to improve and determine their lives by the decisions they make Neuroscience perspective: the viewpoint in psychology that focuses on the nervous yester in explaining behavior and mental processes Coloratura perspective: the theory of psychology that states that it is necessary to understand one's culture, ethnic identity, and other coloratura factors to fully understand a person Culture: the patterns of behavior, beliefs, and values shared by a group of people ancestors Ethnic identity: each person's sense of belonging to a particular ethnic group Gender identity: one's view of oneself as male of female Cultural relativity: the perspective that promotes thinking of different cultures in elate terms rather than Judgmental terms Colora tura factors in the history of psychology: Laurel Promote and Elizabeth Scarborough, Leonard Crasser, and Ellen Kismet have helped change our view of the role of women in the history of psychology by reminding us of some key facts. In the early days of psychology, it was extremely difficult of the most qualified women to obtain admission to graduate programs, when they receive training; they were rarely offered teaching position at the male- dominated institutions that they had the best equipped laboratories. Basic Areas of Modern Psychology: 1 .Biological psychology: study the ways in which the nervous system and other organs provide the basis for behavior. 2. Sensation and perception: how the sense organs operate and how we interpret incoming sensory information in the process of perception 3. Learning and memory: the ways in which we learn and remember new information, new skills, new habits, and new ways of relating to other people are studied in this problem solving 4. Cognitio n: with intelligent action: thinking, receiving, planning, imagining, creating, dreaming, speaking, listening, and problem solving 5. Developmental psychology: with changes that take place in people during their life span, as they grow from birth to old age 6.Motivation and emotion: the needs and states that activate and guide behaviors, such as hunger, thirst, sex, the need of achievement, the need to have relationships with others. The nature of the feelings and moods that color human experience is also a topic of this specialty 7. Personality: focuses on the more or less consistent ways of behaving that heartier our personalities 8. Social psychology: the influence of other people on our behavior: the behavior of people in groups, mobs, or organizations; interpersonal attraction and intimate relationships; and attitudes and prejudice toward others 9. Coloratura psychology: focus on ethnic and cultural factors, gender identity, sexual orientation, and related issues. Applied Areas of Modern Psychology: 1 .Clinical psychology: try to understand and treat emotional problems and correct abnormal behavior 2. Counseling psychology: help people with personal or school robbers and with career choices 3. Industrial and organizational psychology: focuses on ways to match employees to Jobs, to train and motivate workers, and to promote Job satisfaction and good relationships among workers 4. Educational and school psychology: is concerned with the ways children learn in the classroom and focus on the ways in which pressures, conflicts, hardships, and other factors contribute to poor health. To prevent health problems such as heart disease by teaching people to relax, exercise, control their diets, and stop high risk behaviors, such as smoking.