The Jewish Community in Italy Essay -- Jews Europe History Papers

The Judaic Community in ItalyProblems with format For centuries, there has been a Jewish community in parts of present-day Italy, dating back to the Roman Empire. In addition to religious differences, Jews were faced with political challenges as well. The Emperor was include in the pantheon of Roman tradition, which added a political obligation to religious, and thus Roman citizens were required to ?conciliate the gods.? For Jews, this requirement created many consequences.1 According to estimates, there were five to seven million Jews in the Roman Empire during this time. The relations between the Jews and the Romans have always been complicated. For in 186 B.C. measures were taken against the Bacchanalia, but in 161 B.C., a friendly pact was made with the Maccabees. In 139 B.C., the Jews were banished from Rome, yet Julius Caeasar gave Jews privileges, allowing them to meet on the Sabbath and settle their religious disputes privately. Despite the ambiguous treatment of the Jews, the Romans usually blamed the Jews for any disorder in the Empire. Ancient writers, Josephus and Tacitus, discussed the Jews banishment from Rome in 19 C.E.? The Roman senate also sent 4,000 Jewish men to Sardinia to put down an uprising there. Though the pungent climate could potentially kill the men, it was but a small loss to the Roman government.2 Modern historians assume that the Tiberius? reason for the banishment was a ?deep-seated impatience against the Jews fostered by their reputation for exclusiveness and their assumption of superior righteousness.?3 Yet, Josephus attributed the cause to a ?worthless? Jew from Judea and three other men who persuaded Fulvia, a Roman woman, to give goods for the capital of Israel temple, but use... ...?Narrating over the ghetto of Rome. (Jews in Italy.)? Jewish Social Studies. (Winter-Spring (2002) 1.16 Elizabeth Mahler Schachter. ?Perspectives of nignteenth-century Italian Jewry.? ledger of European Studies. (March 2001) 29.1 7 Gene Bernardini. ?The Origins and Development of Racial Anti-Semitism in Fascist Italy.? The Journal of Modern History. (Sept, 1977) 431-453.18 Shira Schoenberg. ?Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust.? Jewish Virtual Library. 26 November 2003. 19 Barry Lank. ?Decency in Italy played role in helping nation?s Jews.? Bulletin. April 19, 1996.20 Gerald Schwartz. ?Assisi 2002 an encounter with history.? Canadian Jewish News. Sept. 5, 2002.21 Frank Bruni. ?Nearly 40 Jewish Graves are Desecrated in a Rome Cemetery.? The New York Times. July 19, 2002 A.

The Louisiana Purchase :: essays research papers

The atomic number 57 Purchase was the purchase of the French province of Louisiana by the United States in 1803. The province stretched from the disseminated multiple sclerosis River westward to the Rocky Mountains and from the Gulf of Mexico northward to Canada, covering an area equal to that of the United States, prior to the purchase. Except for the Mississippi River on the east and Canada on the north, the boundaries were indefinite. The United States also claimed West Florida between the Mississippi and Perdido rivers as part of the purchase, but Spain denied the claim. As a result of the purchase, the look of stark naked Orleans and the entire Mississippi system were secured for American shippers, and the country was free to expand toward the Pacific Ocean. The price wa $15,000,000 for an area of 828,000 square miles (2,145,000 km) - slight than 3 cents an acre. In 1800, Napoleon Bonaparte got Spain to return it by a secret treaty. Napoleon planned a French empire in the Ne w World, with its center at New Orleans. President Jefferson was alert to the dangers of a powerful nation controlling the mouth of the Mississippi. He instructed the American minister to France, Robert R. Livingston, to open negotiations to debase New Orleans and some territory east of the city. A treaty would have to satisfy the financial claims that some United States citizens had against the French government. Finally the French continued to claim that the province still belonged to Spain. Jefferson sent James Monroe to help with the negotiations, and authorized him to spend no more than $10,000,000. Napoleon offered Livingston and Monroe the entire province of Louisiana in a treaty dated April 30, 1803. The American negotiators agreed to pay $11,250,000 to France and $3,750,000 for the French debts to United States citizens. The purchase forced Jefferson to give a broad definition to the Constitution, which did not specifically grant authority for acquiring new territory.

Grendel Vs. Beowulf Essay -- Epic of Beowulf Essays

GrendelOne of the most compelling and highly developed characters in the novel Grendel, written by John Gardner, and the poem Beowulf, written by an anon. poet, is the monster, Grendel. Even though these pieces show two different sides to Grendel they are similar in many ways. Grendel evokes sympathy toward the hideous monster by making him come along like the victim, while Beowulf portrays him as being the most loathsome of enemies. The reasons behind Grendel&8217s being, his killing, and finally his death make him one of the most controversial and notorious monsters in literature. Grendel is the man-killing monster that Beowulf portrayed him as being, yet he is overly the lonely victim of a judgmental world.Grendel is a descendent of Cain and is forced to run with the inherited curse of being denied God&8217s presence. Cain&8217s lineage has been known to spawn monsters, trolls, giants, and other undesirable beings, all of which were rejected from society. Beowulf and Grendel both chat of Grendel&8217s ancestor Cain, almost as if using it as an excuse for his rash and murderous actions. Beowulf told of a Grendel that mercilessly attacked Hrothgar&8217s meadhall killing men without reason. Grendel also speaks of this evil monster, but in a more sympathetic and excusable manner. Grendel is thought of as &8220the guardian of sins and is the physical equivalent to a man that has been shunned by God. He is des...

Hawthornes Puritanical Beliefs Revealed in The Scarlett Letter and You

Hawthornes Puritanical Beliefs Revealed in The Scarlett Letter and Young Goodman Brown When an author depicts a person or group of people in his or her work, the opinion of the writer most often sifts into the descriptions, whether intentionally or unintentionally. Some writers are real guarded regarding their feelings toward any particular subject, while others are very open and happy to share. Nathaniel Hawthorne belongs to the latter group. The purpose of the majority of his literary work was to share his view of the group of strict Christians known as the Puritans. Hawthorne himself was a localize descendent of Puritans, and he obviously held very particular views of his ancestors. These views are clearly demonstrated in his works The Scarlett Letter and Young Goodman Brown, in which Hawthorne shows his disdain for the psyche and hypocrisy that was a daily practice of the Puritan church. In the New Testament of the Holy Bible, Matthew wrote in the Gospel of Matthew, Chapter Se ven, Verse 1, Judge not, that you be not judged. This is an often quoted verse of scripture that has been the subject of countless sermons and has been the chastisement to even more Christians. The Puritans, without a doubt, had this verse branded on their hearts, and yet, according to the works of Hawthorne, neer practiced the Bible that they quoted so frequently. His disdain toward them and the judgement that they inflict on others, as well as the hypocrisy that they are immersed in from the time of birth. In the second chapter of The Scarlett Letter, Hawthorne shows the reader both the judgement and hypocrisy of a small part of the society - the women. As they wait for the arrival of Hester Prynne, this towns resident adulteress, they... ...n authors Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor. Perhaps, had Hawthorne studied these both writers, he may have discovered the bit of beauty that is hiding in stoic Puritanism. Works Cited Baym, Nina. The Norton Anthology of American Literature vol. I. New York Norton and Co., 1998. McKeithan, D. M. Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown An Interpretation. Modern delivery Notes (1952) 93-96. Reprinted in Short Story Criticism vol. 29. A Review of The Scarlet Letter. Littells Living Age (1850) 203-207. Reprinted in Nineteenth Century literary Criticism vol.10. Duyckinck, E.A. Nathaniel Hawthorne. The Literary World (1850) 323-325. Reprinted in Nineteenth Century Literary Criticism vol.10. Macy, John. Hawthorne. The Spirit of American Literature (1913) 77-96. Reprinted in Nineteenth Century Literary Criticism vol.10.

Marketing and Company Culture Essay -- Analysis, Deshpande and Webste

This paper explores the various aspects of marketing and social club culture and how both are interrelated within a functioning physical composition. Specifically, revolve around will be placed on the definition of company culture, the definition of marketing, how company culture and marketing are related, implementing both effectively, and finally a backchat of companies with excellent cultures. First, in order to gather in a complete understanding the relationship between marketing and company culture, one must know how company culture is defined. According to Leo Sin and Alan Tse, Corporate culture has been defined as patterns of shared values and beliefs over time which produce behavioral norms that are adopted in solving problems (295). Additionally, Debra Nelson and James Quick define organizational (corporate) culture as, A pattern of basic assumptions that are considered valid and that are taught to sweet members as the way to perceive, think, and feel in the organizat ion (556). Furthermore, company culture is important because it facilitates higher efficiency, communication and collaboration between employees (Sathe, 9). In summary, the culture of an organization describes and determines how an organization and its employees will function in various situations.Beyond a definition of corporate culture, one also needs to look at how a company functions from a marketing perspective. According to the Ameri bottom Marketing Association, Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for clients, clients, partners, and society at large (1). It can be seen clearly from this definition that marketing cannot be contained to merely advertising or a str... ...appos is another company recognized for a great culture and customer service. They have concentrated on maintaining the customer-centric view by pushing their marketing budget into developing customer ser vice oriented culture and employees (Mickiewicz, 1). Both organizations have an understanding of the necessity of employee development and taking the viewpoint of the customer as Richard Drucker suggests.Through this research it can concluded that company culture not moreover affects and defines the company and the employees but marketing strategy as well. Furthermore, it would be beneficial to marketers and company executives alike for additional research to be conducted about how marketing can drive company culture and vice versa. However the empirical evidence of the numerous companies that already demonstrate excellent corporate culture and strategic marketing.

Free Rose for Emily Essays: The Death of Miss Emily Grierson :: A Rose for Emily, William Faulkner

The Death of Emily Grierson in A Rose for Emily A Rose for Emily The death of Miss Emily Grierson, was it A Mystery, was this woman so mysterious that everybody in the community had to come visit her at death. The men through a sort of respectful affection for a fallen monument, the women mostly out of speciality to see the inside of her house, which no one save an old manservant - a combined gardener and cook - had seen in at least ten old age (Faulkner 55). The house was described as being a big squarish house that was slowly decaying. It reminded the townspeople of the seventies and was said to be an eyesore among eyesores (55). The voice of the town identifies Emily as a tradition a duty, and a care. The men and women of the town act differently to Miss Emily. A sort of hereditary compact that triggers a memory. In 1894 when Colonel Sartoris had remitted her taxes, but generations change within the story, and their values differ. So the next generation, feeling no hereditary o bligation attempts to collect these reportedly remitted taxes. The invade between the next generation with its more modern ideas and the aged Miss Emily gives the first visual details of the inside of the house and of her. Inside was a dusty, dank desolate realm dominated by the presence of the crayon portrait of her father. Miss Emily was described as a small, fat woman in black, with a thin gold chain descending to her waist and vanishing into her belt, leaning on an ebony cane with a tarnished gold head. Her skeleton was small and spare peradventure that was why what would have been merely plumpness in another was obesity in her. She looked bloated, like a body long submerged in stable water, and of that pallid hue. Her eyes lost in the fatty ridges of her face, looked like two small pieces of coal pressed into a lump of dough (55). In the confrontation between the generations when she speaks defiantly to community representatives, her taxes remain uncollected, and she trium phs. This conquest of the modern generation reminds the narrator of an earlier battle when she had vanquished their fathers thirty years before about the smell. Youre tell toward the battle language - vanquished, horse and foot and in recalling the early images of Miss Emily in her 30s.

Blood Bananas Directions

Over the past 25 years, no place has been more unsteady for companies than Colombia, a country that is inally beginning to emerge from the effects of civil war and narco-terrorism. In 2004, Chiquita voluntarily revealed to the U. S. Justice Department that one of its Colombian banana subsidiaries had do protection payments to terrorist groups from 1997 through 2004. The Justice Department began an investigation, focusing on the role and conduct of Chiquita and some of its officers in this criminal activity. Subsequently, Chiquita entered into a plea agreement that gave them the equivocal distinction of being the first major U.S. phoner ever convicted of dealing with terrorists, and resulted in a fine of IJS$25 million and other penalties. To make matters worse, the assiduity was facing pressure from increasing retailer purchasing power, major changes in consumer tastes and preferences, and Europes imposition of an onerous tariff on companies that sourced bananas from Latin Ameri ca. With this in mind, Fernando Aguirre, Chiquitas CEO since 2004, reflected on how the company had arrived at this point, and what had been done to correct the course so far.He faced major challenges to the companys competitive position in this dynamic industry. Assignment Students must address the spare-time activity questions 1 . What do you think were the root causes for Chiquitas actions in Colombia that led to the penalties? Did Chiquitas managers have a choice? Why or why not? 2. What can live management do to restore Chiquitas reputation and ensure future competitiveness in this industry? What role does corporate governance play in this mental process? Please discuss the ethical and strategic actions that the Company should take.Directions Students should address the questions above in a typed document (double spaced 12-point font 5 pages maximum experiment format). The case repute should provide a title page, with student name, section number, and date of ubmission. Yo ur responses should be uploaded to D2L before the scheduled class on Wednesday, December 4. safe responses will reference the material covered in Chapter 10 of our textbook, as well as the additional readings suggested on the spare-time activity page.Guidelines Please note the following All case reports are to be written (double spaced) using 12 point type with a seriph font for the body (Times New Roman) and sans serif font for headings (Calibri). The report should follow correct form, spelling, grammar, etc. The body of the paper should be no more than five pages including specific recommendations supported by our analyses. reduce the pages. The report may include an assortment of charts, tables, and exhi stains in an appendix to support your analyses and recommendations. Do not add exhi bits that are already included in the case.Each exhi bit must be referenced and discussed in the body of the paper. The appendix does not count towards the main body limit of five pages. The ma in body of your report should contain sufficient detail to explain and support the major issues identified in the case and the primary recommendations for solving these problems. Do not Just reprocess case facts. Instead, present an insightful and unique analysis. The reports will be judged according to standards of effective business communication. They should be clear and cogent.The criteria for grading case reports include raise of ability to size-up the organizations situation and to identify key problems/issues. Use of appropriate analytical techniques, sound logic, and well-supported arguments in evaluating the organizations present condition and future prospects. Evidence of ability to prepare realistic and workable recommendations for action. Quality contributions will reference the material in Chapter 10 of your textbook, as well as he additional readings suggested below. Thoroughness both (a) oscilloscope and coverage and (b) depth of analysis.

Case 33 †the Casino Industry in 2011

Case 33 The Casino Industry in 2011 Brant Davis Problem Summary The Las Vegas and Atlantic City locations puddle lost r horizontalues in recent years. In addition to the economic slowdown, these gambling locations are also facing new competitors in the market that are providing fascinating choices to the customers. Though there are some external forces beyond their control, it seems that attractiveness and accessibility are very important focus areas for these cities. Analysis Using the fig out analysis, we can get a broad picture of the Las Vegas and Atlantic City locations.Some of the strengths of these two cities are the variety of entertainment they offer, the accommodations available, the atmosphere delivered, and providing a benchmark of fictitious character service expected by the customers. Weaknesses of Las Vegas and Atlantic City are that they can be heavily affected by changes in the economy and the rising be of competitors. As the number of competitors rise, Las Veg as and Atlantic City have lost some of their business to places that are simply closer to the customers home.This has opened up some opportunities for these cassino giants to actualise their locations more attractive and accessible to the customers and steal back some of the lost business. One of the largest threats to Las Vegas and Atlantic City locations is that it is getting much easier for the customers to try without travel far. In fact, now the customers have the ability to gamble online right from their homes. Alternatives There are several courses of action these cities can take to grow. The first would be to make it even easier to get to their locations.There were times in the past when Las Vegas and Atlantic City used to basically pick the customer up and bring them into town. If it was easier for the customers to reach them, they strength take back some of the business lost to more local casinos. The downside to that of course is the cost of travel would then be tran sferred to the casino cities. The real gamble here is that there are always people hardly looking for a free vacation, and just bringing them into town doesnt guarantee that they forget spend a lot while staying there.Another alternative is that Las Vegas and Atlantic City could both focus their efforts on the Legislation that has been keeping gambling from being level-headed online. Though this would require a lot of employed lobbyists, lawyers, and Politians to side with them. The con to that plan of action would that it would be hard to corner the online market so late in the game. Finally, Las Vegas and Atlantic City could focus on what it can offer to the customers that the other locations dont. RecommendationsThough gambling is such an important part of their revenue, they should focus even more on bringing the customer in for the experiences that cant be found anywhere else. This would require even more advertisements that give tenseness to the features of the city, and not just the slot machines. Though the retro rebranding of Las Vegas as Sin City seemed like the honest move, they need to make it the place for anyone to come and enjoy. Because Atlantic City has so many people within driving distance, they should focus more on picking families up and bringing them in as well.Often a family will travel on only one major vacation per year. Why not have that location be a city that just happens to have gambling. Additionally, MGM Mirage should be the poster casino for revenue. Las Vegas and Atlantic City have to get further away from the focus of gambling and make themselves the entertainment capitals of the eastward and west coasts. They need to advertise their cities as the places for people to escape and experience something that cant be seen at home.They also need to lure in people with discounts and free complimentary benefits so that when the customers arrive, they can justify spending money on the entertainment. Finally, they need to have pat ience while staying aggressive. The economy is outpouring to improve, but they cant just throw money into new buildings that people wont travel to. They should slow some of the growth for the close few years and focus on advertising what they have to offer. Customers shouldnt have to learn about all the great stuff by arriving there, they should go there because of all the great stuff they have already heard about.

Assessment Of Equipment Diagnostic Radiology Health And Social Care Essay

Handiness and the usage of roentgen ray equipment in both private and authorities infirmaries is on the addition today in developed and ontogeny states. character reference domination of such equipment is of peculiar importance to forest both evitable high doses, actinotherapy escapes and to guarantee dose optimisation. The consequences of smell control in this be indicate that the end harvesting measured in GHL ( M2 ) ranged amid 0.0318 and 0.1192 mGy ( ma ) -1, while comparatively higher(prenominal) values which ranged from 0.0762 to 0.2156 mGy ( ma ) -1 was open up in quaternity other infirmaries. The thermionic vacuum tube electromotive force honor measured indicates fluctuation among the infirmaries investigated. The divergence in electromotive force truth ranged between 0.9 and 10.9 % in the two units of GHL ( M1 and M2 ) . In the terce other infirmaries the scope of divergences argon 0.2 to 0.5 % ( PSH ) , 45.5 to 72.7 % ( NOH, the highest ) 22.9 to 23.3 % ( NA RH ) . Both GHL ( M1 ) and PSH complied with the use up of 5 % . As regard timer truth, one-dimensionality of the tubing current and beam alliance NOH and NARH exceeded the bankable bounds of 5 % , 10 % and 3 % severally. The effect of non-compliance in intimately portion include repetition exposures, more disbursals and more significantly, extra venereal disease to the diligent.Keywords Quality confidence, quality control, environmental observe, actinotherapy, roentgen ray end productIntroductionIn Nigeria, roentgenograms is the most often used ionizing ray in medical specialty despite progresss in magnetic resonance imagination and ultrasound techniques. It has maintained a cardinal function in diagnosing of diseases, hurt and in roentgenogram therapy. In consequence it is the largest manmade beginning of ionising radiation to the universe population ( ICRP, 1991 UNSCEAR, 1993 Muhogora and Nyanda, 2001 ) . X ray is the major subscriber to the effectual loony toons of both the tolerant and the forces. Because of the radiological hazards involved, it is normally recommended that window pane to patient from roentgenogram be kept every bit wiped emerge(p) as moderately accomplishable ( ALARA ) with equal flesh quality ( IAEA, 1996 ) . In add-on, programmes for diagnostic imagination sections, no matter of the size, should at least contain the undermentioned constituents equipment quality control, administrative duties, hazard direction and radiation guard programme. Equipment quality control unit carries out place of equipment public video display to guarantee proper image quality, every bit good as patient and operator safety ( Papp, 2002 ) . Furthermore, radiation safety unit is to guarantee that patient exposure is kept every bit low as moderately accomplishable and that departmental forces, medical staff and members of the general masses are protected from overexposure to ionising radiation.Presently, there are far above 4000 roe ntgen ray machines in Nigeria ( Elegba, 2006 ) out of which less than 5 % are under regulatory control. These thereby pose a great jeopardy to the patient, forces and challenges to the regulative organic structure in Nigeria. As a consequence of handiness of roentgenogram readinesss, some sassy while others are second manus ( known locally as Tokunbo ) , there has been a changeless addition in the figure and frequence of X-ray scrutinies in recent times. In Northwestern part of Nigeria for illustration, a study of 124 establishments with beginnings of ionising radiation indicates that 203 X-ray installings were found with merely 90 sealed radiation beginnings ( Mallam et al. , 2004 ) . In the same study, Ahmadu Bello University T all(prenominal)ing Hospital ( ABUTH ) complex on norm carries out over 250 diagnostic X-ray scrutinies per twenty-four hours in the three hospital installations determinusined in Zaria, Kaduna and Malunfasi. The population of the open persons and the fr equence of exposure is an index that one-year collective dosage to patient can be rather important.The quality control ( QC ) programme comprises the regular testing that must be carried out on each major constituent of the system to guarantee optimal public evinceation inside the system ( West,1993 ) . In diagnostic radiology QC trial is carried out to guarantee that a high quality diagnostic image is produced for a minimum radiation dosage to the patient ( NRPB, 1988 ) . The major equipment in diagnostic radiology to which quality control can be applied include X-ray production, sensing, image processing and image viewing equipment among others. The equipment testing is coupled with everyday environmental monitoring and appraisal of image quality ( Oluwafisoye et al. , 2009 ) .( 1.1 ) Nigerian Nuclear Regulatory role ( NNRA )Due to the hurtful effects of ionising radiation, the Nigerian Nuclear Regulatory Authority ( NNRA ) was established by the Nuclear Safety and radiation s ickness Protection Act of 1995. This national regulative organic structure is charged with primary duty of atomic safety and radiation protection. The Act empowered the NNRA to categorise and licence activities affecting exposure to ionising radiation in peculiar, the ownership, production, processing, industry, purchase, sale, import, export, managing, usage, transmutation, transportation, trading, assignment, conveyance, storage, and disposal of any radioactive stuffs, atomic stuffs, radioactive waste, and any equipment breathing ionising radiation. In this respect, the NNRA in her papers made proviso for minimal demand for the equipment care in line with international regulative policies.As portion of the attempt at heightening safety in the usage of ionising radiation in Nigeria, the National Institute of Radiation Protection and Research ( NIRPR ) was established under the counsel of NNRA. The Institute trains forces in the radiation protection.The enter measurings were conduc ted to look into the suitableness of the quality control trials and the stated tolerance degrees for several(a) X-ray equipment at four Nigerian infirmaries. Additionally, environmental radiation supervising around the installations was carried out to determine the safety degree of both the patient and forces.( 2 ) MATERIALS AND METHODSQuality control trial ( kVp truth and duplicability, mAs one-dimensionality ) of four government-owned infirmaries, one general infirmary ( GHL ) , two specializer infirmaries psychiatrical infirmary ( PSH ) and National Orthopaedic infirmary ( NOH ) and one military infirmary ( NARH ) , all located in Lagos were carried out. The GHL has two functional X-ray units depicted as machine 1 ( M1 ) and machine 2 ( m 2 ) . The probe was carried out with the aid of the staff of the radiology section of each infirmary. Meanwhile, each of the X ray installations was used for both pediatric and big scrutinies. In all the infirmaries there was no old exposure and QC informations available. The information use was done utilizing Microsoft Excel, 2003.( 2.1 ) cadence of X-ray tubing Output and exposure curry merchandiseX-ray tubing end product is the sum of exposure, in millirontgens ( Mister ) delivered to a point in the Centre of the utile X-ray beam at a distance of 1 meter from the focal topographical point for 1 ma of negatron passing by means of the tubing. The end product expresses the ability of the tubing to change over electronic energy into X-ray exposure. X-ray tubing end product is the individual most of import parametric quantity to quantify radiation output ( Zoetelief et al, 2006 ) . The free-in-air exposure, FAE ( Mister ) was measured utilizing mill calibrated KV prison term ( US made Victoreen X-ray trial device, theoretical account 4000 M+ ) obtained from the Department of Physics ( DOP ) University of Ibadan. The consistence of X-ray tubing end product with the tubing current ( ma ) or tube current exposure-time merchandise ( ma ) was measured for the scope of ma or ma values used in pattern. The sensor ( KV metre ) measures the mean, effectual and maximal extremum tubing electromotive force, power stage, exposure and exposure clip. This system determines the tubing electromotive force with truth of 2 % ( Victoreen, 1995 ) . The internal ionisation sleeping room that measures exposure has volume of 36 cm3. The exposure clip is measured to an truth of 2 % . The FAE ( Mister ) measured is converted into end product in mGy ( ma ) -1 by multiplying by a factor 0.00877/ ma ( Chang Jong and Hui- Yu, 1999 ) where ma in the denominator is the merchandise of the tubing current and exposure clip fixed at the clip of measuring of the end product.( 2.2 ) Environmental Monitoring and General ObservationsThe guiding rule used in all regulative paperss is that, radiation doses to the populace and to the people who overwork with radiation must be kept every bit low as moderately accomplishable ( ALAR A rule ) . In kernel, radiation workers and the patient should be monitored at all times when working. The ground for this monitoring is to guarantee that the pattern being followed by the workers in their day-to-day modus operandi are safe and do non leave in high doses being received. In the present abide by, the dose rate at different points of involvement ( the console, entryway door behind the wall, patient hold seats ) was measured with radiation sensor ( radiation proctor 4 minirad 1000+ ) . This device measures radiation dosage rate in ?Sv/ hour.( 2.3 ) Optical and Radiation Field Congruence/ Beam AlignmentThe beam control system is required for modulating the size of X-ray field country. Therefore, it plays an of import function in dose delivered to the patient because it controls the sum of patient surface country exposed to radiation and image contrast ( due to scattered radiation ) . The parametric quantities taken into consideration in beam control system include be am alliance, optical radiation field congruity, truth of the x Y graduated tables and illuminator bulb brightness. In this survey optical radiation field and beam alliance were examined.( 2.4 ) Ocular reviewsOne of the three parts of a quality control programme for a radiographic installation is ocular review. This portion includes look intoing the chief constituents of the equipment for proper operation, safety and good mechanical status. It is expected that they should include protective lead dress, lead shield of the booth wall, overhead tubing Crane, radiographic tabular array, control panel and other installations such as door and automatic visible radiation.( 3 ) RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONFive X-ray units in four infirmaries were investigated in the survey. Both the QC and environmental appraisal of the installations were carried out. Table 1 presents the radiographic equipment information at assorted infirmaries investigated. The old ages of industry of the equipment scope from 9 to 31 old ages, while the twelvemonth of installing is between 5 and 31 old ages. The consequence of age on the end product of an X-ray machine is good written documented ( Mallam et al. , 2004, Ogundare et al. 2004 ) .( 3.1 ) X ray tubing OutputThe consequence of X-ray tubing end product at a distance of 1m each from the focal point of five X-ray units are presented in Table 2. The values of end product obtained in GHL ( M2 ) are comparatively low, those measured in GHL ( M1 ) are higher than those found in M2. It ranged from 0.0318 to 0.1192 mGy ( ma ) -1. However, higher end products are found at the same electromotive force in PSH and NOH. As an illustration, at 80kVp the end products are 0.0796, 0.1676, 0.2156 and 0.0762 mGy ( ma ) -1 for GHL ( M1 ) , PSH, NOH and NARH severally. The fluctuation in the end product could be attributed to the wave form, anode stuff, filtration, and tube age and anode surface harm. Knowledge of the end product value for a given X-ray tubing per mits the finding of both patient and movie exposures. It is besides used in the computation of Entrance get hold Dose ( ESD ) delivered to the patient at the point where the X-ray beam enters the patient. This dosimetry parametric quantity ( ESD ) gives the perspective appraisal of absorbed dosage to the patient. Although the entryway surface dosage is a hapless hazard index, it can be used to gauge the effectual dosage ( ED ) which better quantifies patient hazard ( Gkanatsios and Huda,1997 ) . The fluctuation in the end product among the infirmaries could take to fluctuation in doses delivered to the patients during the scrutinies.The consistence of X-ray tubing end product with ma was measured for a scope of ma for the five X-ray units at different electromotive forces. The consequences are presented in figures 1-3. Furthermore, consequences of end product measured at different kVp above 80 kVp ( GHL and NARH ) show significant correlativity with ma, nevertheless, the end produ cts measured at lower electromotive force of 60 and 75 kVp indicate weak correlativity with ma. The X-ray tubing and the anode current are extremely stabilized at this point ( Suliman and Elshiekh, 2008 ) .The consequences of the tubing electromotive force truth for five X-ray units investigated are presented in tabular arraies 3a-3d. The tabular arraies show the tubing electromotive force set, the tubing electromotive force measured and the magnitude of divergence. It should be noted that the magnitude of divergence in kVp vary from infirmary to infirmary. In GHL, the divergence ranged between 0.9 and10.9 % for the two machines ( M1 and M2 ) . The scopes of magnitude of divergence for the three other infirmaries are 0.2 to 0.5 % , 45.5 to 72.7 % ( highest in this survey ) and 22.9 to 23.3 % in PSH, NOH and NARH severally. Both m1 ( GHL ) and PSH comply with the demand of 5 % , while M2 ( GHL ) , NOH and NARH exceeded the demand. The understanding for higher divergence in kVp fou nd in NOH and NARH are multifactorial.The European Commission recommended a high technique of 125 kilovolts IAEA ( 1995 ) which likely consequences in low doses, but the radiotherapists prefer the higher contrast thorax radiogram which consequences from low kVp. Earlier study indicated that increasing the tubing potency ( kVp ) from 8-13 kilovolt in lumbar and pectoral spinal column scrutiny resulted in a dose decrease of 26-36 % ( Martin et al, 1993 ) . The higher divergences outside the tolerance bound as obtained in the present survey show disagreements in kVp between the measured and the set values particularly if the tubings are non adequately maintained. Furthermore, the overly high divergence between the set and the measured kVp could cut down the image contrast ( Livingstone et al, 2004 ) . The unexpected elevated value of proficient parametric quantities which consequences from defective machine could impact both patient dosage and image quality. The tendencies found in GHL ( M2 ) , NOH and NARH require regular and repeated QC trials.( 3.2 ) Quality Control ( QC ) TrialTable 4 is the sum-up of the QC trials carried out on the equipment at different infirmaries. The kVp truth trials show conformity with acceptable bound in GHL ( M1 and M2 ) and PSH while NOH and NARH show non-compliance with acceptable bound of 5 % . As respects the kVp consistence, similar tendency is found in the infirmaries as those found in kVp truth.In footings of timer truth, it is postulated that exposure clip straight affect the entire measure of radiation emitted from an X-ray tubing. Therefore, an close exposure timer is critical for decently exposed radiogram and sensible patient radiation exposure. Both GHL and PSH met the the acceptable variableness bound. Since the timer truth in NOH and NARH are above the bound of acceptableness, it is expected that the radiation dosage delivered to the patient will be higher than the expected value required to bring forwards the movie . Furthermore, the one-dimensionality of tubing current ( ma ) and beam alliance of both NOH and NARH fell abruptly of the acceptable bound of 10 % and 3 % severally. Regulation of X-ray tubing filament temperature ( along with the exposure clip find the quality of X raies in the X-ray beam ) is done with millampere picker in an X-ray generator. The beam limitation system is required for modulating the size of the X-ray field country. The mechanism controls the sum of patient anatomy exposed to radiation beam ( Papp, 2002 ) . This plays a cardinal function in patient dose and image contrast. The addition in country increases the production of the scattered radiation, hence higher patient dosage and wellness hazard.The non-compliance of optical radiation field and radiation field congruity may stem from the displacement in mechanism that moves the shutter, doing improper public presentation. This leads to higher patient dosage and repetition images ( consequence in more movies being used and more disbursals ) .( 3.3 ) Forces DistributionThe saloon chart in figure 4 shows the diffusion of forces. It indicates that two classs of forces are losing Radiation Protection Officer/ Medical Physicist and Record Officer. The tendency is similar to the earlier work reported elsewhere ( Oluwafisoye et al. , 2009 ) . The tendency shows that radiation protection of the patients, visitants and forces is non the preoccupation of the direction of the infirmaries investigated. The absence of the record officers indicate that record maintaining at the infirmaries is far from being equal. A record maintaining system is necessary to document the quality control processs, the figure of culls and other activities traveling on at the X-ray units of the infirmary.( 3.4 ) Visual/ General ObservationsThe consequence of ocular observations is presented in table 5. It shows that all the basic constituents inspected were functional except LED index on the control panel found in GHL ( M2 ) . Table 6 shows the general observations carried out at assorted infirmaries investigated. Columns 1 and 2 show that the chief door taking to the X-ray room is non lead-lined. Columns 3 and 4 indicate that merely NOH has efficient 2nd door and lead-lined. The cells of the four infirmaries are efficient. This indicates that the interior decorator of the console put in topographic point equal steps that prevent the technicians from immaterial beams during exposures. The doors to the units insufficiency automatic control, connoting that during the exposure the doors do non shut automatically as a consequence, controlled entree to the country where radiation exposure may be taking topographic point is non ensured. Lead apron was non provided in NARH. Nevertheless, the lead apron provided in GHL was non efficient. Regulation for good pattern stipulates that lead aprons and baseball mitts should be available in the radiographic room and have a lower limit of 0.5 millimeters of lead tant amount thickness ( Papp,2002 ) . It is besides apparent that technique charts were losing in all the units, an indicant that technique parametric quantities are chosen at random by the radiographers responsible for the exposure of the patient. This could take to hapless matching of patient size and technique parametric quantities.Furthermore, warning visible radiation was non provided in any of the units to warn visitants or other forces of the exposure traveling on in the X-ray room. The forces monitoring badge was merely available in NOH, bespeaking that forces dose supervising in GHL, PSH and NARH are non-existent.( 3.5 ) Dose degreeConsequence of environmental dose monitoring at the chosen locations within and in the immediate environment of each of the X-ray units investigated is presented in table 7. The consequences in all the five units indicate that the dose rate measured at the sofa are by and large really high. At the border of the cell the dosage rates recorded are great er than the background dosage rate by a factor of 7, 20, and 10 in GHL ( M1 ) , PSH and NARH, severally. The dose rate measured within the cell is comparable to the background. This status is safe for the radiographer nevertheless, the dose rate is high within the entryway door in GHL ( M1 ) and NARH, it is greater than the background dosage rate by a factor of 6 and 7.5 each. In add-on, the dose rate measured at the waiting anteroom of the patients is comparable with the background dosage rate in PSH and NARH, but higher than the background dosage rate by a factor of 10 in NOH. The high dosage rate experienced in NOH could be attributed to damaged door of the X-ray units. Another possible account for the high dosage rate at the waiting anteroom is the direct nexus between the anteroom and the X-ray machine. It is raise to observe that there were no escapes experienced in the five X-ray units investigated as reported in the earlier survey carried out in Nigeria ( Oluwafisoye et al . , 2009 ) .Apparently, this present survey is the first QC trial and environmental monitoring attempts carried out in the five X-ray units in four infirmaries investigated. This is an indicant that the consequences are preliminary against which upcoming measurings could be compared. Besides, the usage of thermoluminescent dosemeters ( TLD ) for the forces monitoring has neer been undertaken in the five units. Personnel monitoring is indispensable, since there is a nexus between the ionizing radiation and coevals of responsive O series ROS ( Cohen, 2002 ) . These ROS have been implicated in the etiology of over 100 diseases. Radiation is one of the major exogenic beginnings of free groups in bad male and it has been proved that ionising radiation produces ROS in biological system capable of destructing biomolecules such as DNA, lipoids, proteins and saccharide ( Olisekodiaka et al. , 2009 ) . Workers runing X-ray equipment are exposed to long term low doses of ionising radiation which may impact their antioxidant position.Consequences of the QC trials and monitoring were sent to the direction of the four infirmaries investigated. In Addition, recommendations on the necessity of regular QC trial were forwarded to each infirmary for necessary actions.( 4 ) DecisionQuality control trials of five X-ray units are undertaken with intent of safety and dose optimisation in the X-rays Centres investigated. The ages of three out of five machines are good over 10 old ages. In add-on, the divergence of the measured kVp from set value on the control panel varied among the infirmaries. Two out of the five machines complied with the needed criterion of pattern, while three exceeded the demand. The QC trial carried out on kVp truth and consistence show non- conformity in two infirmaries. The distribution of forces show that, the preoccupation of the authorization of the X-ray unit investigated was the quality of the radiogram produced at the disbursal of safety of the pa tient. The fluctuation in the end product of the assorted tubing is an indicant that doses among the infirmaries differ. In each of the X-ray units investigated there was no specialised installation to execute pediatric scrutinies and movie screening.

Racism in Canada Essay

Canada is known around the world as an international peacekeeper, a confide of liberty, and a loving country that accepts everyone. This reputation is part of our image, and is honoured by opusy nations. But Canada is non perfect. Racism still exists, sometimes it whitethornbe in the shadows, it does non take a investigative detective to notice the visible racism all around us. In some cases it is social phrases, in some it may be serious bullying, inequality or even assault, racism is still a problem.Like the United States of America, Canada has a history with racism. In the 1900s to 1950s, there was discrimination against African-Canadians. From the time of settlement into North America, up until a few decades ago, there was serious mis-treatment of First Nation peoples, including genocide, sexual assault and child abuse. Also during WW2, Japanese-Canadians were looked upon as enemies, and treated poorly. Comp ared to the past, we are much more liberal, and have less racial pr ejudices.The improvement of civil liberties from the past to now is amazing. But still not enough. all time I see something racist, it deeply saddens me. In my heart, Canada as a whole has left racism behind, but some people still conceive the disgusting tradition. I once saw a bus driver speaking disrespectfully to an older Chinese woman, about how he couldnt picture her, and she should try to speak in English. I thought to my self how sad it is that an official city worker can be so intolerant of new(prenominal) cultures.I do not like racism, and see it a lot. I see racism when a group of African-Canadians attack a Caucasian man for coming to the wrong neighbourhood. I see racism when people say, White people cannot play cricket, when some of the best cricket players are Caucasian, like Alastair Cook, with over 8000 runsscored. I see racism in stereotypes. It is clear that racism is a part of our society now, but we need to improve our selves and erase it for good.To abolish racism completely, we first need to put personal feelings aside, and agree on accompaniments. Yes, we are all humans. But we need to accept our differences, we are not the exact same. Specific genotype gives athletes like Bolt a boost, dailymail reports scientific research done by University of Szczecin in Poland. Once we separate fact from fiction, we can live without delusion. Secondly, we must call out racism when ever we see it, for example if a bus driver does something wrong, he should be confronted, to vacate it from happening again. If we call out all racism when we see it, we can put an end to it.In conclusion Canada is one of the best countries to live in in the world. It is a leader in civil rights, peacekeeping, and equality. However some racism remains in our community from the past, which should be cleaned up. If we all aim towards a better future, the present could looked upon in future similarly to how the bloody 50s are seen today.

Industrialization by Invitation

industrialisation is the process of amicable and economic change whereby a social group is transferred from a manual labor found structure to a more technologically driven society and where the prudence gains much more large(p) via manufacturing industries. Caribbean economies have been labeled as weak and dependent, and controlled by stronger foreign states and institutions (The Plantation Economy). Sir Arthur Lewis, St. Lucia? s first Nobel Prize winner, has released several realityations on the issue of chthonicdeveloped nations in the Caribbean and solutions to correct this under reading.Of these publications is the concept of ? Industrialisation by invitation?. Lewis felt that this was a step needed to be taken for the British westbound Indies to develop. Sir Arthur Lewis policy aided in the development of the B. W. I but the policy itself also hindered development as well as left out major aspects of development. After Lewis studied the ashes of rules known as Operat ion Bootstrap (policy of deliberately inviting foreign direct investors) in Puerto Rico, he set out to adopt and implement similar in the British double-u Indies.The economies of the British Caribbean were generally agricultural and there was a need to stimulate industrial growth and trade in manufactured goods, to shift the economic base, since these economies were mainly monocrop economies. This term non only refers to the dependence on sugar and bananas, it also characterizes the dependence on tourism or the oil industry. Lewis hence proposed the strategy to invite foreign investment as a way to stimulate growth, not only in industry but also agriculture, and thence to reduce the dependency on the export sector.He reasoned that the British West Indies had a great abundance of unskilled labour in agriculture and amongst the unemployed. These countries did not have much capital. Thus multinational corporations (MNCs) with millions of dollars at their disposal were to be invi ted to the British West Indies where they could earn huge profits by employing cheap superabundance labour from agriculture. They would also benefit from tax holidays for the first five or ten years of their operations, and other concessions such as subsidies.In other words incentives would be offered to encourage these corporations to invest . Caribbean governments popularly adopted this policy in the 1960s. Several foreign based companies that are established today in the Caribbean are the extend of Sir Lewis policy. This is most apparent in the tourist industry many foreigners have invested in hotels which employ the majority of people. Several countries within the Caribbean have attempted Sir Arthur Lewis? concept of ? Industrialisation by Invitation? with the outcomes being mixed. This meaning that it expanded direct foreign investment, injecting capital into local institutions. However, this increase in foreign investment brought about a higher dependency level on technology , raw materials and capital from abroad. Without these investments, the Caribbean would so far be in a pre-industrialised state, with little growth in the economies. It has been argued that Caribbean economies have achieved a lot of growth however without or in fact limited development.Yes, the region? s infrastructure has improved dramatically but their industries and companies are mainly foreign and then a substantial amount of profits made are sent abroad. Development thus has been limited with the major organizations within the economy being foreign and not indigenous. Sir Arthur Lewis? concept of ? Industrialisation by Invitation? was not completely successful since the ? development? of the countries? economies did not reach the limits Lewis predicted.Currently the realism market has a major negative effect and influence on the Caribbean economies due to the region? s dependence on foreign investments. Example of an essay on industrialisation invitation theory Arthur Lewis Industrializagtion by invitation To what extent fuck it be argued that Sir Arthur Lewis policy of Industrialisation by Invitation aided in the development of the B. W. I By Jennine Small. According to Nassur Mustapha development is defined as, the progressive process of human, cultural, political, economic and social change, which shapes peoples lives. The southern countries particularly the Caribbean have been classified as developing countries, which are still somewhat dependent on the metropolis which once colonized them. Sir Arthur Lewis in the immediate post- World War II period advocated industrialization of the British West Indies, he adopted a policy called Industrialisation by Invitation. He felt that this was a step needed to be taken for the British West Indies to develop. Sir Arthur Lewis policy aided in the development of the B. W. I but the policy itself also hindered development as well as left out major aspects of development.The Industrial Revolution was one of those historical events which drastically changed societies all over the world. Despite the revolution having its roots in Europe , particularly Britain it then ranch to places like the U. S. A and later the Caribbean. Industrialization became the mechanism used for a society to make the transition from a handed-down, labour intensive economy based on agriculture (agrarian) to a more capital- intensive economy based on manufacturing by machines , specialized labour and Industrial factories.Sir Arthur Lewis recognized the importance of Industrialisation but realized that the British West Indies could not do it on their own, they would need financial aid, in the form of investments which could stimulate Industrialisation. After Lewis studied the system known as Operation Bootstrap (policy of deliberately inviting foreign direct investors) in Puerto Rico, he set out to adopt and implement similar in the British West Indies.The economies of the British Caribbean were mainly agricultur al and there was a need to stimulate industrial growth and trade in manufactured goods, to glow the economic base, since these economies were mainly monocrop economies. This term not only refers to the dependence on sugar and bananas, it also characterizes the dependence on tourism or the oil industry. Lewis therefore proposed the strategy to invite foreign investment as a way to stimulate growth, not only in industry but also agriculture, and therefore to reduce the dependency on the export sector.He reasoned that the British West Indies had a great abundance of unskilled labour in agriculture and amongst the unemployed. These countries did not have much capital. Thus multinational corporations (MNCs) with millions of dollars at their disposal were to be invited to the British West Indies where they could earn huge profits by employing cheap supererogatory labour from agriculture. They would also benefit from tax holidays for the first five or ten years of their operations, and o ther concessions such as subsidies.In other words incentives would be offered to encourage these corporations to invest . Caribbean governments popularly adopted this policy in the 1960s. Several foreign based companies that are established today in the Caribbean are the impart of Sir Lewis policy. This is most apparent in the tourist industry many foreigners have invested in hotels which employ the majority of people. In Antigua for example, 50% of the population is employed in the tourism industry.In addition to this, infrastructure such as roads and transportation has been developed by governments to complement these businesses. Foreign investors have introduced the latest technologies and influenced the improvement of public services. On the contrary, the policy is very much economically based , its aim is for countries to achieve economic growth. However development also includes other aspects, there is no indication on how foreign investers may positively impact the quality o f life , welfare or education.Therefore this policy cannot be seen as aiding development in the British West Indies as a whole , as the policy was based primarily on the stimulation of economic growth. In addition, most of the cash earned by these investors have been repatriated to their home countries thus money is not invested in the economy, this is a grave issue with serious implications for the tourism industry. The policy in conclusion failed in the British West Indies, mainly because the Caribbean governments invited the MNCs but did not control them.When the initial period of the tax-free holidays were up they closed up shop and moved on. They were mainly capital-intensive industries, virtually no provisions were made for training citizens to organize and run similar plants, such as the assembly of motor vehicles and small appliances. Hence no sustainable development. Neo-marxists who came up with the dependency theory, also initially developed their theory in Latin Americ a. Andre Gunder Frank and Samir Amin were the two theorists associated with this school of thought .Both argued that the third world countries are classified as the Peripheries and the Western/ Industrialised capitalist countries are the core. The former being largely dependent on the latter. The development of the core countries caused the underdevelopment of the interference fringe since economic surplus was transferred from the latter to the former for expansion purposes. These sociologists recommended that the peripheries need to break the link between them and the core in order to be self- sufficient and independent.Therefore the MNCs can be seen as detrimental according to this perspective dependence is an undesired state and situation . It only causes, injustice, unfairness and exploitation. Following from the dependency theory, we can blaspheme that foreign companies therefore would not be aiding development but hindering it for their metropolis benefit. They would encoura ge the mindset of preference for foreign goods thus maintaining dependence.It can be seen that the Industrialisation by Invitiation policy is indeed a controversial one when considering whether it has aided development in the Caribbean. There is no doubt that MNCs are an classic means to economic development. However in order for a country to develop, the country must have control of its own businesses and resources, move away from traditional economic models that make them dependent on foreigners and also perpetuate the legacy of colonialism in how the Caribbean economy is structured.Grade Profile Knowledge & Understanding 7/10 commentary & Analysis 7 /10 Synthesis & Evaluation 7/10 The student demonstrates a very good understanding of the subject matter under examination. Interpreted and evaluated the question well. Student should have named some Companies or a company that emerged as a result of IbyI in their territory and explain the advantages and disadvantges of the polic y using the live example as the base. Altogether however this was a good

Definition of Mobility Essay

1.1 Give a Definition of MobilityThe definition of mobility is the ability to move physical structure parts, and the ability to move from place to place as well as sitting down and getting up.1.2 Identify and Explain Health Conditions That Can ingrain Mobility Some health conditions that brook affect mobility are age, arthritis, strokes, heart attacks, infections, fracture of bones and possibly mental issues. Arthritis layabout affect mobility due to the joints hurting or going stiff making mobility harder for the individual. Heart attacks and strokes can affect mobility due to an individuals balance possibly being impaired but besides due to possible paralysis of one side of the body. Mental issues could affect mobility due to someones assertion possibly going due to a fall etc.1.3 Outline the Effects That Reduced Mobility May Have on Individual Well being. Reduced mobility and movement may have assorted impacts on contrastive people some people may be able to cope bett er with it than others. Some people may lose their reliance and sense of self, some people may develop depression due not being able to do as much as they utilize to. Reduced mobility and movement may affect peoples personal relationships, moods. It can excessively affect a persons social agree due to possibly not being able to leave the house etc. It can in any case affect a persons daylight to day life for example personal financial aid, food preparation to being able to make meals and cups of tea.1.4 Describe the Benefits of Maintaining and Improving Mobility for the Individual The benefits of defying and meliorate mobility for individuals are salient it can help with the physical and emotional well being of the individual. The physical benefits include keeping good circulation and muscle strength it can help to maintain a steady weight of the individual. Simply put if you dont encourage an individual to keep their mobility and movement then the muscles waste away, f or example if you were to keep a mobile individual bed ridden their muscles in turn will waste away impairing their movement and mobility. Also in some cases physiotherapy can also help to build up the muscle strength etc. enabling reduced movement to possibly increase. The emotional well being of maintaining and improving mobility for an individual is very important as when someone has reduced movement and ability it can affect their social life, social skills, self-esteem and confidence and can also lead to depression, which in a nutshell if you canimprove the mobility and movement of an individual can reduce the risk of depression, can enhance self-esteem and confidence and also can enable them to have a social life.Who Would You Report Progress and / or Problems to?If I sight progress or problems relating to an individuals mobility and movement I would always note this down in the Care pound and I would also inform my co-ordinator of any issues, my co-ordinator would then rep ort it to possibly doctors, nurses and also to the occupational health team which could either sort out the use of equipment or could implement anything that could help the individual for example extra care or even reduced care and reduced equipment.How Would You Report the Following Problems and / or Progress Relating to Mobility? Choice of Activities, equipment, appliances and support provided. I would always be prepared in my acidify and the care I provide to see if I could notice any changes to an individual in regards to all aspects of their care including mobility. I would also read care notes that have been written by other carers involved in their care and also possibly family members and healthcare professionals etc. If I noticed any changes at all in regards to what activities they chose for example if they stopped wanting to go out etc. I would always ask them the reasons for this and listen to the reasons (these reasons could be something along the lines of dont feel confident enough and feel off balance) I would write these concerns down in the Care Log and also report to my co-ordinator, precedential carer or manager to possibly look at implementing additional support for their choice of activities.If there was an issue with the equipment for example needed different equipment as it wasnt suitable or even that they didnt need the equipment again I would write it down and log it in the Care Log as well as reporting to co-ordinator, senior carer or manager, they would then report this to the occupational health team who would then organise for an assessment of the equipment in place and if necessary change or alter the equipment to suit the individuals needs at that time. If there was an issue with appliances for example couldnt work the cooker anymore etc. again I would record my findings in the Care Log along with to my co-ordinator,senior carer and manager, I would also see if I could articulate to the family to see what they suggested and also to see if I could suggest anything for example a microwave instead of a cooker and maybe bigger handled cutlery instead or normal cutlery etc. If I had a problem with the support provided I would again record in the Care Log along with my co-ordinator, senior carer and manager. These concerns would possibly be told to the family and also could be reported to healthcare professionals along with the individuals social worker.

Another Look Back, and a Look Ahead

Imagine the impact technological initiations have had on society? How lots did applied science influence society a decade ago, and how much does it influence society now? Technology was lay downd from humans to become a more competent specie. Although technology has advanced society with respect to technology and efficiency, it has also created problems not previously seen be power of the routine of technology. Edward Tenner, a writer and technology consultant, wrote an article titled another(prenominal) Look Back, and a Look Ahead published in 1996.In his article Tenner argues, through the use of the rhetorical appeal ethos, compare and contrast, and cause and effect, that society is advancing at an alarming rate and suggests a retreating from intensity (Tenner 78) in order to eachow society to slow its progression and accustom itself to unsanded technology. Tenner uses his credibility as an exceptional writer to appeal to audiences and inform them nigh the subject in his a rticle. Throughout the article, Tenner uses an extensive vocabulary and shows blandness in his writing.In the sentence, The prognosis for r all the samege effects is hopefulby replacing brute force with finesse (Tenner 60), Tenner shows his expertise by apply collegial writing skills and even introduces a term he created, revenge effects. He is well informed about what he is talking about and never leaves the reviewer guessing what he is trying to say. The fact that he was formerly employed as the science editor at the Princeton University Press makes him an even more credible source.When Tenner talks about the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 (Tenner 63), it demonstrates to the reader he is educated and increases ethos. By the end of the article, Tenner has efficaciously made his case for society to slow its technological progression. Aside from using ethos in his article, Tenner uses compare and contrast to show his audience how technology has changed all all over time. T enner provides many compositors cases to show how they compare and contrast from now and the past.He talks about the sinking of the Titanic becoming a signal event, 1 that reveals an ominous and previously underestimated kind of danger (Tenner 64). At the time the Titanic was the biggest technological innovation to start the twentieth century. Ship engineers have become more aware of the dangers the ocean presents ships. Although in comparison ships might be of the same size and provide the same conveyance over waters, its comparison shows they have evolved. The higher(prenominal) potential speed of steamships requires more preferably than less care.The larger number of passengers and crew required more careful drills and inspection of equipment (Tenner 65). The speed of ships has significantly changed over time as well as the technology of ship engines which allow for them to reach significant speeds. Through these advances one could argue it has created an efficiency of allowi ng people to trigger much faster, however Tenner reminds them of the revenge effects these innovations create. Today much more safety regulations are used than in the past, this is due to the new dangers technology creates.Another example Tenner uses is the comparison and contrast of transportation over time. Humans created the automobile to become more efficient and make travel and transportation much faster throughout the world. Nearly every passenger journey or freight shipment began and ended with a horse-drawn vehicle or a horse (Tenner 67). Due to technological innovations and Henry Fords assembly line, motor vehicles were created not only to suit the rich but for all society to enjoy. Through this progression people were not limited to where they could travel and the time it took to get there.People could take regular jobs that were far from home rather than having to move to accommodate their needs. Roads and freeways soon followed with the increase of automobile use. The g reatest surprise of motoring was the speed at which traffic clogged the roads, including freeways and other limited-access highways construct to relieve congestion (Tenner 70). Tenner compares the use of transportation over time, demonstrating that although it has made transportation much faster, it has created revenge effects such as traffic and congestion, things that before the technological innovation were never seen.Examples such as these have led Tenner to advise society to fix problems that new technologies bring not by creating new technologies to solve the problem, but by slowing down and addressing the problem itself, not a quick fix. Comparing and contrasting the impact technology has had on society effectively illustrate Tenners main job, but through the use of cause and effect the audience can relate and image how Tenner formed his thesis. In the text Tenner provides many cause and effect examples.An example Tenner uses is the effects that are created because of ind ustrial carbon dioxide emissions. Industries that create carbon dioxide allow for many benefits such as electricity and transportation, but they are also responsible for heat the earths temperatures, global warming. The increasing cultivation of the earth would bring about higher temperatures and eventually a melting of the polar icecap (Tenner 76). Another cause/effect example Tenner uses is strict directives on meat radiation after the Chernobyl meltdown of 1986 destroyed the Lapp reindeer-meat economy (Tenner 76).A catastrophic event in Chernobyl created a measure effect on the economy. Tenner argues that these technologies have many lasting effects, known as revenge effects. From beginning to end, Tenners article urges the reader to draw back from such a rapid progression of technology. Tenner argues, through the use of the rhetorical appeal ethos, compare and contrast, and cause and effect, technological innovation instead of creating efficiency create revenge effects which c reate more problems for society.Tenner suggests that society recoil its progression of technology, not forever, but until accustomed to the use of new technologies. Tenners argument in the article opens many readers eyes as to the real problems they choose to ignore due to technological innovation. This thin out is relevant and provides a subject that all people can identify with. Technologies are all around society and the impact it has is colossal. Whatever your side of the argument for technologies and society may be, the reality Tenner presents reveal a need to retreat from intensive technological progression.

Employment and Successful Pharmaceutical Company

According to one of PharmaC ar patient PharmaCargon is the BEST tell to buy prescription drugs. In addition, to the excellent service by the workers at PharmaCare, you get a send away every time you purchase drugs. Cut you prescription cost now, buy at PharmaCare. PharmaCare is an independent chemists shop chain based in Bel Air, Maryland. Pharmacare serves patients with traditional needs in addition to patients with special needs, such(prenominal) as psychiatric, substance abuse, HIV, and oncology patients. With its high customer service standards and a caring culture, Pharmacare is emerging as a regional leader.The s hearholders within PharmaCARE are all the individuals and groups that are affected by the companys decisions. The stakeholders in this scenario include PharmaCARE, a successful pharmaceutical company, CompCARE, a subsidiary of PharmaCARE, Wellco, a large drugstore chain, the employees of the mixed companies, the African nation of Colberia and the Colberians. All o f these stakeholders have a stake in the outcome. PharmaCARE is a successful pharmaceutical company that prides itself on being a reputable, caring and ethical company that enhances the quality of life for millions of people.However, if we take a close a look of Pharmacare way of doing business, we will understand that the company actually just now cares round its profit margin. Many of the social problems in Colberia are caused by PharmaCare. PharmaCare actually destroyed the habitat and endangered the native species through extensive activities and business practices. PharmaCAREs treatment of the people of Colberia is immoral, unethical and socially irresponsible. They are taking advantage of Colberias low standard of living and stinting plight.These people are simply trying to earn a living. At the same time, the executives are living in the lap of luxury. The answer whether Allen could legally fire each of the three workers Donna, Tom, and Ayesha is definitely no. I do confi de that these employees are protected by the public policy exception of the employee-at-will doctrine. Employers should not be allowed to use their economic power over employees in a way that undermines the interests of the community or that is injurious to the public good.If we analyse each case we will see that Allen has no legal right(a) to fire Donna who filed for work compensation because her sickness is due to work conditions. The same would definitely go for Tom. Furthermore, we can say every employee has the right to file a complaint with Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) and Equal Employment hazard Commission (EEOC). Donna, Tom and Ayesha are all rank and file workers that have experienced negative conditions and situations at their place of work.Ayeshas situation is kind a different though because she would have to prove that her ethnicity, pelt along and or beliefs have kept her away from being promoted instead of her lack of management. I do conside r that she could be fired under the employment at will doctrine which allows an employer to fire anyone at anytime without reason. If I were Allen, I would make sure that all work orders are written documented. Documents should specify that effort has been made If I were Allen I would consult with Human Resource and make sure all incidents at work are documented.The documentation needs to show that effort has been made to correct any safety violations. Allen needs to document and make sure his interviews with Ayesha were documented and that reviews of Ayeshas work has been documented. Managers should make notes specifically about them and their work habits that support their skills or lack of certain skills so any claims of discrimination cannot support wherefore an employee was not promoted or hired. Allen could definitely make sure that work orders are made to correct the limit problem in the facility.

Abortion should only be used to empower women Essay

Dear Chris Christie,The advocates of abortion on demand falsely assume two things that women essential induce if the lives of unborn tikeren are effectively protected and that women can only when attain equality by having the legal option of destroying their innocent offspring in the womb.(Casey). Abortion is a legal common lick in almost most countries, leading to an estimate of 2 million destroyed unborn babies. Although abortion seems like an equal fair right towards women, murder isnt an equal right to embrace or granted to a certain gender. As of the law, it is illegal to commit a crime of harm or death to a human being (murder). Robert Casey is trying to say that abortion shouldnt be viewed as a positive right. Abortion officially started in the late 1800s, women healers in Europe and the U.S. Provided abortions and trained other women to follow along with this like act (Reproductive Health).Now, abortion is still taken action and is in both(prenominal) cases 100% le gal without any strict rules/cases. In this case, abortion should be strictly looked after, but legal for medical emergencies. The fetus shouldnt be harmed but available to put up for adoption.Before delving deeper into the memorial of abortion, it is important to simply look at the fact of its existence and participants in the United States. According to studies released in 2005 by the Physicians for Reproductive Choice and Health (PRCH) and The Guttmacher Institute, there were 1.29 million abortions consummateed in this country. Research by the same group shows that in 1994, approximately half(prenominal) of all pregnancies in the United States were unintended, with only about half of those actually ending in abortion. In comparison to other countries, the U.S. accounted for three percent of worldwide abortions in 1995 (PRCH and Guttmacher). With that said, the political history of abortion has been a bit scary and the position that the Supreme Court takes on abortion 100% inf luences the issue.Although, with the more performances of abortion there leads to ongoing reasons for the pro choices of this action. From the point of view of many humans, decisions makeuhumans everyday lives and gives us the right to independence. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day OConnor wrote in the 1992 decision in Planned Parenthood v. Casey, The ability of women to participate equally in the sparing and social life of the Nation has been facilitated by their ability to control their reproductive lives. (OConnor). From this point of view, because women are like a shot financial to equality in the U.S, having the right to control their own bodies is an improvement to the ranking of fair sermon and the act of fitting into societys social and economic requirements. Therefore, there is an automatic option for women with the seek fetus issues. Not only does this advantage their rights, but it puts their privacy in control. The Constitution gives a take on of certain areas or z ones of privacy, and that this right of privacy is broad enough to encompass a womans decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy (The 7-2 decision). This gives women the advantage of safe privacy, in which their business is only open to them and/or their partner. The government cannot and should not control a womans fetus and if so, this can Outdo the exact purpose of the 7-2 decision. Not only that but, but abortion can be a honorable decision to prevent financial future conflicts. Many couples tire outt have the resources, dont have the emotional stamina, dont have the family support to raise a child with disabilities. As of the United States, 1 billion babies have been bored with a disability. (UOP Student) .Going through the pain of rhytidoplasty a baby without the advantage of fair money (for medication), family support, or strong determination towards the child isnt worth raising an offspring. In which, whitethorn lead to the option of abortion.However, there are many in effect(p) outcomes and effects that make abortion a strict case. From sources of doctors and professional professors, abortion leads to health risks involving serious amounts of pain. Doctors who perform abortions at this stage of pregnancy -a rarity, according to a 2012 Italy by the Centers for Disease control and prevention- must provide Anesthetic or analgesic to alleviate organic pain to the unborn child. It also requires doctors to tell women that impregnable medical evidence shows that a 20-week fetus may feel pain during an abortion.(USA law). Babies may come to a chance of experience of pain, end pointing in an act of murder. Based on the government, murder is viewed as a crime, so abortion should be considered as an illegal practice. Not only does this affect the fetus itself, but itll result in health issues towards the actual human carrying the fetus. Approximately 10 percent of women undergoing induced abortion suffer from immediate complications, of which one fifth was considered major. Many women who had an abortion state that they went through these types of physical and mental complications of abortion (Elliot Institute). Abortion can lead to lack of healthy mental states and may even cause serious important health risks. This will vastly impact the lives of these women in a negative way and may lead to a reduced lifespan. Lastly, the act of abortion affects a womans happiness. This lowers the chance of adoption rates. According to the U.S department of health and human services, as the result of lack of women putting their children up for adoption, The morsel of infant US adoptions dropped from about 90,000 in 1971 to 18,000 in 2007. Around 3.6 million women were trying to adopt children as on 2002 . (USDHHS). Due to abortion, there were and still are, fewer chances of other families with the abilities to have a child and become parents. The rates of women in want of children are outrageous while the rate of orphans is accurate bu t has drastically dropped. So far, Mothers are throwing away their opportunities of life and arent creating a positive perspective.In conclusion, abortion is encouraging of a womens rights and own decisions but does lead to health risks and blocking the ability of a peculiar treasure. Therefore, abortion needs to be strictly looked after and MOSTLY used for important serious issues. barely a Woman should ALWAYS have full privilege over their bodies.Works CitedAbortion ProCon.org. ProConorg Headlines. Web. 30 May 2017.Pros and Cons of Abortion. HealthGuidance.org. Web. 30 May 2017.query. InstaGrok. Web. 30 May 2017.CONDADO, ANAKAREN. Abortion Pros and Cons. DiginetXpress. N.p., 15 Nov. 2011. Web. 30 May 2017.

The Brute

The drama essay The Brute by Anton Chekhov is typic on the wholey referred to that subgenre of funniness known as the farce. What separates a farce from the more pedestrian and commonplace comedy is that it is infused with a thought of whimsy as salutary as a detachment from reality that, paradoxically, should serve to make it all the more realistic. In the case of The Bear the farcical elements are utilized to heighten the emotional excitement that is under normal circumstances subject to far too much control and restraint to throw in it freedom in a work of drama as short as this play.The revelation that contend and the realization of love is enough to make Smirnoff undergo the series of truly bizarre and unexpected changes in register could probably tho be accomplished in a farce. The arguments that take place mingled with Mrs. Popov and Smirnov serve both to provide the comic material for the play and as a foundation upon which to realize Smirnovs growing realization tha t he succumbing to the ultimate debt of love. Popov has retained her commitment to her husband long after his decease has released her from that debt.Smirnov is a landowner who had lent m unmatchabley to Mr. Popovs husband before his death and who has now shown up to consider repayment because he, in turn, is facing down his own creditors. The cyclical nature of debt and repayment serves as a metaphor for relationships between men and women. The play proceeds from a spotlight of Popovs refusal and Smirnovs reactions. It is the evolution of Smirnovs reactions that is the key to dread his character.The progression of the play is through dialogue rather than action and the progression of the dialogue of Smirnov is one of self-assuredness-almost cockiness-to a sense of losing control, which ultimately leads Smirnov to realize he has decreaseen in love. Smirnov boasts that he has refused twelve women and nine confirm refused him. These are the words of a man still secure in his inde pendence before a woman an insecure man never admits that a woman has refused him, much less nine. The subject at hand is still the debt as the argument intensifies, but then Mrs.Popov takes it from the financial to the personal. She attacks his very humanity by crying out Youre nothing but a crude, bear A brute A hulk . Finally, things progress-as it seems it always must-to weapons being brought to bear. Mrs. Popov goes for her husbands pistols, essentially turning the argument into a full scale duel. There is only one problem Mrs. Popov does not know how to fire the gun. At this point, she ceases to be a debtor and is well on her way to becoming a woman. Smirnov is lost.Smirnovs reactions to Mrs. Popov change considerably after weapons are introduced and since it is clear he has no real fear for his life, this change that comes over only can only be attributed to a death in his original feelings for the widow as his emotional trek comes to a rest a full one-hundred eighty degrees from where he started. Nothing in either his words or his actions could lead one to suppose that any element of truth is expressed when Smirnov asserts If she fights Ill shoot her like a chicken . adept can well imagine the Smirnov who first entered Mrs. Popovs home at the beginning of the play actually socialise this idea-if not actually going through with it-but the words ring empty and hollow by the point at which they are actually spoken. The Bear is a drama-perhaps charge a tragedy if one cares to popularise what may happen to these two characters once the curtain comes down upon this small moment in their lives-masquerading as a farce. And, of course, it has to be that way.If the events that take place within the short period of time allotted in this short play were played straight and dramatically, Smirnovs strange, comedic odyssey from cold, heartless debt collector to overwhelmed object of love would draw even more laughs, albeit unintentionally. To show the absurdity of Smirnovs situation, indeed the absurdity of how any two people come to fall in love, the farce is the writers best weapon. It provides a method of distancing the audience from realizing they too are characters in a real life farce every time they fall in love.

Frequency of Presidential Appointees on Federal Judges

The frequency table reveals how many presidential advertees each president make to the federal appellant Court judicature. This calculated on a per year basis depicts that their has been a stabilise increase, with the exceptions of Ford who showed less and Carter who showed more, in the number of appointees to federal appellant Court bench during the hold out 10 presidencies. Since Federal Court decide argon appointive for life terms, low conditions of good behavior, I portion this increase in the number of Federal appellant Court judges to larger caseloads with more issues to decide. one of the exceptions noned earlier, Ford, who served solely 2 ? years, appointive an average of 4. 8 appellant Court judges a year. The other exception, Carter who served 4 years and made 56 appointments, had the greatest impact on the Federal Appellate Court system, averaging 14 appointees a year. A Perspective Look at Bush and Clintons Federal Appellate Court Appointees The data illustra tes that Bushs Federal judge appointees were within leavey lines 91% of the time. In 37 of his awarded Federal judgeships, 34 were republican, 2 were Democrat, and 1 independent.In contrast, Clinton to a fault stayed within party lines, but at a lesser rate, 85% going to his party, appointing 41 of 48 Federal judgeships to Democrats. The other appointees made by Clinton consisted of 3 Republicans and 4 Independents. It is app atomic number 18nt that presidents appoint Federal Appellate Court judges who conform to their political ideologies. Republican judges, who are chosen because of their Conservative views, tend to hand d suffer decisions that favor government and large businesses.This becomes serious in litigation involving labor-management conflicts, environmental issues, and personal injury cases when corporate America is the defendant. Democratic presidents, who also appoint Federal judges in conformity with their political ideology, appoint Democrats. These Democratic Fede ral Appellate apostrophize judges, liberals, are less concerned with the rights of government and corporate America and more concerned with the rights of individuals. This becomes evident in issues involving the First Amendment, rights of individuals in criminal cases, and matters involving discrimination of women and minorities.The statistics show that over the last 10 presidencies, women were appointed to the bench of the Federal Court of Appeals in 39 of the 370 centre appointments, or 10% of the time. The appointment of women as Federal Appellate Court judges was never fashionable for either the Republican or Democratic presidents until truly liberal Carter, during his term, appointed 11 women to the bench. Although Bushs percentage of women appointed as Federal Appellate Court justices is only 19% of his total, it is much higher(prenominal)(prenominal) than his closest Republican predecessor, Reagan, with a 5% proportion.Clintons record in deliberate to female appointees i s more balanced, but still skewed. One third of his appointees as Federal Court of Appeals judges in his first 6 years bring been a woman. This contrast in difference, Clinton 42% higher than Bush in female appointees, clearly demonstrates their difference in political ideologies. The Democrats with their beliefs in individual rights, reflected in pro-choice decisions, and public policies, such as, protections on the environment by corporations, beget attracted many women voters.The Democrats have also been influential in advocating equal rights for women, especially in sexual harassment litigation. The analysis shows that Bush appointed white Federal Appellate Court judges 90% of the time. In Bushs 4 years of office, he appointed 4 judges from a minority, 2 African-American judges, and 2 Hispanic judges, comprising the other 10%. In Clintons 6 years of office, 23% of his Appellate Court appointments have been from a minority sort out. He has appointed 5 African-American judges, 5 Hispanic judges, and for the first time an Asian-American judge.Cintons appointees from a minority group outnumbered Bushs by over 2 to 1. The appointment of Federal Appellate Court judges compared by prevail in influenced by the beliefs of the political party. Democrats, who traditionally held support from African-Americans and more recently Hispanics, are more halcyon toward the ills of the economically depressed, and advocate policies toward equal rights and affirmative action. This being reflected by the percentage of persons of minority being appointed as judges to the Federal Appellate Court by Democrats.The Republican presidents, 5 of the last 10, have appointed 6 persons of minority to the Federal Appellate Court bench. This is 18% in the overall total of 33 minority judges appointed. This demonstrates less concern for minorities and the knowledge of the Republican Party that their support does not come from this sector of the population. In respect to Bushs Federal Appe llate Court appointments, religion plays an important part in the decision but less than political ideology, gender, and race. 54% of Bushs appointed judgeships were from the Protestant assent, 24% from the roman print Catholic faith, and 16% from the Jewish faith.The remaining 6% came from those with no religion. Clintons appointments to Federal Appellate Court judgeships show nearly equal distributions between the Protestant and Roman Catholic faiths with 35% and 33% respectively. The Jewish faith under Clinton received 19% of the appointments and those of Unitarian faith and of no religion received 13%. The percentages are consistent with the knowledge that the United States is a mostly Protestant nation. Republicans, over the last 10 presidencies have by an overwhelming majority, awarded Federal Appellate Court appointments to Protestants.The Democrats, over the same span, have shown more smorgasbord in their appointments. This is in line with the liberal views of the Democra ts concerning equal rights and discrimination policy. Overall Patterns of Presidential Appointees to the Federal Appellate Court Bench The statistics revealed by this data indicate that Republican Presidential Appellate Court appointees are predominately white, male, and Protestant. Just during the last 2 Republican presidencies, Reagan and Bush, have the Republicans become a little more several(a) in their appointments of Federal Appellate Court judges.The appointments during the Republican terms of Reagan and Bush consisted of ultra-conservatives who were well accustomed to governing and most likely millionaires. The Democratic presidents, likely more liberals in their beliefs, demonstrated this in their appointments to the Federal Appellate Court judgeships. Although the Democratic presidents appointed primarily Democrats, the data shows an increase in the appointments of women, minorities, and other religious faiths demonstrating vicissitude and capturing support from these g roups. Changes in Federal Appellate Court Appointments over the last 50 yearsThe last 50 years, in respect to Federal Appellate Court judicial appointments, saw Republicans and Democrats appoint members from their own party. The Democrats, starting with Truman, began appointing minorities to Federal Appellate Court judgeships. It was not until the 60s when civil rights and discrimination became issues that Democratic presidents became diverse in their appointments and starting including women and minorities. The Democratic presidents have included religions other than Protestant in their appointments at a higher rate than the Republicans.During this 50-year period, the Republican presidents have not traditionally appointed women or minorities to the Federal Appellate Court. non until the 80s, under Reagan, did a Republican president appoint members to the Appellate Court that included women and minorities. The majority of the appointees under Reagan and Bush remained to be white ma les. The appointments by Republican presidents from religions other than Protestant remained low in comparison to their Democratic counterparts.

Political Risk International Business

POLITICAL RISK IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS The term vocation commonly refers to the act of doing any minutes that ends up in earning or losing capital. The act that is ending up in financial implications is called c be. This wrinkle sector green goddess be considered as a result of collective commercial transactions of all types involving governing body, private, corporate, individual or a group of individual, and so on.everyone involve in the line of strain usually under hears such(prenominal)(prenominal) trading operations only for the purpose of making pull in, and only in the case of government multiform business, there testament be some different reason than profit making which could be policy-making, economical, and so forth International business is recognized and / or defined as the business that is done across both or more coun humble borders. International business involves selling, buying, making enthronisation, transporting well be turn outds, logistic al activities, etc surrounded by two or more countries.The companies that be doing business worldwide are called multinational companies (MNCs). These companies are normally formed and incorporated in one field and then create their operations in various countries, and bequeath give birth access to all the markets wherever they do trading. These companies are having different strategies and different approaches for different rude operations due to many factors such as culture, interest, etc of the people in those countries. To mentions some examples, McDonalds, Sony, Shell, General Motors, Toyota, etc.The very radical purpose of doing business is only to make money, predominantly, although there are businesses which are non mean for money or profit. therefrom for the global business in any case, the basic purpose will be only profit making. However, there are some additional purposes for the external business, since the effort involved in the establishing the internation al business is more and complicated than just doing a domestic business. Some of the purposes of international business are discussed hereunder.New Opportunities era the corporations are extending their operations to the international market, the opportunities for them to develop their business and increased sales / revenue are more. Since the international business brings new products and new services to the country, there will be a good prospect for finding new customers, and making a good volume of sales among the customers. Also, based on the geographical conditions, climatic conditions, available resources, etc there will be more opportunities for the MNCs to develop their business in damage of infrastructure, product lines, etc.Low Cost This is an advantageous purpose for the MNCs to have their operations in various countries. In countries the likes of China, India, the human resources will be available in large number and therefrom the cost of tire out be get ins compara tively cheaper with the countries of origin of those MNCs. Hence the companies start their operations in those countries and reduce their cost of production lesser and lesser. Those products that are produced from there can be transferred to the other countrys operations of the same MNC. Hence over all the companys cost of production is slashed to a very token(prenominal) amount.For example, many Sony opened their operations in China, and most of the Sony products available in any of the country come from the manufacturing units of Sony in China. This way Sony capitalizes the international business concept. Resources Resources are one of the major assets for any musical arrangement. Business plot of land deprivation international, get opportunities to improve the example of the resources, many times at a cheaper cost. While the business is international, the placement will have access to various types of resources from various countries.This is an added advantage to the compan y in developing their knowledge, and work force. Hence cross country knowledge is acquired by the organization, and hence the knowledge repository of the organization grows and hence to get more benefit from the resources. Just like the way the international business provides lots of benefits, there are lots of risks associated with the international business, which are discussed hereunder. Strategic es enounce Many of the international companies try to implement many of heir business dodging across all their branches in all the countries however, due to many changes that exist between the countries wherein the operations are undertaken, many times the strategies will not work. For example, a system designed for the summer seasons in one country whitethorn not work in another country, since there could be a different season at that time, and vice versa. Hence strategy management is a potential risk in international management. Operation Risk International business operations a re happening across the globe.The practical blot in one country and the situation in another country will never be the same. Mode of transport, maintenance of machinery, supply and necessitate of products required for production, logistic and inventory issues, etc will be on a regular basis and will create problem for a smooth production processes. Major former of this operational risk will be the capital market variances between the countries and assets that are involved in the operational activities. Technological Risk International business is highly dependent on the technology especially in terms of conference and transaction.There is always a big risk in the security part of the electronic transactions and hence that creates a major risk for the international business. Cost of newer technologies, redundancy of the old technology and the locked cost in such investments, etc are the major risks due to technology. Environmental Risk While the environment, such as air, polluti on, water, etc of the country wherein the operation is happening is affecting the people and creating an environmental issue, which affects the reputation of the corporation functioning there as well.The corporation also socially becomes responsible for such devastation of the environment. Economic Risk This is anyway not in the hand of the business. If the country in which the business operation of the MNC is happening is not able to sustain the economic problems, which will eventually force the MNC as well. Exchange rate, monitory policy, etc are the cause of such economic risks. Financial Risk Currency rates and inflation rates are major cause of this type of risks. The financial situation of the country becomes instable, and that hits the organization badly.While the government does not have strict rules in areas such as transferring investment funds to other countries, the economic financial conditions become worse. However, the Political risks in the area of international bu siness are large and are highly considerable more than other risks. Since international business is happening in different countries, the business is facing directions and regulations from various political governments. Any changes that are happening in the political situations will have an impact on the way the business is running the country.The leader of the country or the political person in the country will be responsible for such impact of risk however, the organization will have a lesser say in such situations. The possibility of international business risks is always high. The very moment the business goes overseas, the government to which the business is subjected to will change. Hence irrespective of the amount of impact, there will be surely impact on the business from the political side. The government issues related to the overall country-wide policies, changes in the higher officials such as ministers, or other such positions will directly impact the business.The impa cts of the risks are varied from soft to extreme. Terrorism, war, etc are extreme risks, while change of president or prime minister, or different political parties feeler into power, etc is moderate risks. However, it is easy to understand and accept that any of this risk will surely be in existence in any given country and hence that will affect the business organization which is doing an international business in that country. The political risks can be classified into micro risks and big risks.Micro political risks are very common to the country in which it is happening, and will affect the entire companys existence in the company or something of that magnitude. For example if there is a political instable relationship between two countries, then there will be a risk of closing down the business of the organizations in one country who base location is the other country. On the other hand macro level political risks are something that is affecting all the international business in host country in which the political changes are happening.For example, if there is a political emergency in the county all the international business would come to cease. Such emergency may also work against the foreign direct investment from all the countries, which is again nullifying the international business in the host country. For any risks that are faced in the business, multiple solutions are available. In the context of political risks related to international business, the general strategy the MNCs normally follow is to do a political risk analysis on the country in which the MNC is going to start its operation.If the international business is just about making a foreign investment, before the investment is made a good and detailed risk analysis or research is advisable. There are many independent consultants who do such risk analysis and researches on potential countries. Such reports can be purchased by these MNCs or they can form their own team in making such analy sis. MNCs can also adopt some risky strategy which has to be calculative.At times, while investing in a country which is proven for political risk, the MNC can see a better and attractive extradite from the investment. Hence the strategy needs amendment based on the negotiation with the host government for further compensations and at the same time providing some reasonable benefits for the country resources, such as man power, and other geomorphological facilities. Such MNCs are establishing their operations in those countries and help the country to develop their economy and increase the standard of living there.Another strategy normally tried by the MNCs are involving into the business in the risk inclined(predicate) countries and also make considerable investments in the political risk insurances. By doing so, the possible losses the MNC may face can be compensated by the insurance, if happen so. However, such investments in the international business are made only when the c orporation foresees a good and attractive return from those host countries. interestingly investment in political insurance may also amount to risks, since the insurance claim may not be obtained as it is promised to be.Based on the available option, the recommendation could be to do a good and through research on the political situation of the country wherein the MNC is going to commence its business. While the MNC is hoping to have a wide range of investments in many countries, it is advisable to have a separate plane section in the company which is looking after such risks, either doing their independent research or having service from the well know consultants in the market. Business earns profit in the form of money however, it also loose to many risks.There are risks related to the internal environmental factors, as well as external environmental factors. External factors are not in the control of the business organization, and hence handling becomes difficult. When the bus iness goes abroad and become an international business, then the exposure to various external environmental factors increases, while the possible benefits also increases. Political risk is one of the major risks associated with international business, which is the main concern of the MNCs going abroad.MNCs are oblige to face both micro and macro political risks. However, since the political risks are a well cognize factor, there are many research conducted across the world about most of the countries. Hence the MNCs are also having sufficient information to take a decision on the available options and plan their strategy towards opening up their business abroad. In many countries, international business works and give and take policy, where the MNC benefited financially while the hose country is benefited in terms of economy, life standards, and knowledge sharing.References * Alan M. Rugman, Simon Collinson. 2008. International Business. capital of the United Kingdom prentice Hal l * Oded Shenkar, Yadong Luo. 2008. International Business. Chicago Sage Publicaitons * Daniels, J. , Radebaugh, L. , Sullivan, D. (2007). International Business environment and operations, 11th edition. Prentice Hall. * Joshi, Rakesh Mohan, (2009) International Business, Oxford University Press * Travis, T. (2007). Doing Business Anywhere The Essential Guide to Going Global. Hoboken John Wiley&Sons.