Video Conferencing

CompareBusinessProducts. com What to Look for in a Video Conferencing System What to Look for in a Video Conferencing System Video conferencing has become â€Å"the next best thing to being there† for many businesses. Facilitating face-to-face collaboration for people who are in different locations, it can help businesses increase productivity while saving money on business travel expenses. With video conferencing, you can still have dynamic â€Å"in-person meetings† and â€Å"live† presentations and events – even if you’re on opposite ends of the country, or even in different countries.Video conferencing is also considered a â€Å"green† technology as it eliminates the carbon dioxide emissions that result from driving and air travel. But how do you know what to buy for your organization? The first step in determining this is to understand your main objectives for the system, including your usage requirements today and what they might be over the next 3-5 years. You don’t want to buy more than you need, but you do want a system that is going to scale with your business.Video conferencing has become â€Å"the next best thing to being there† for many businesses. Facilitating face-to-face collaboration for people who are in different locations, it can help businesses increase productivity while saving money on business travel expenses. With video conferencing, you can still have dynamic â€Å"in-person meetings† and â€Å"live† presentations and events – even if you’re on opposite ends of the country, or even in different countries.Video conferencing is also considered a â€Å"green† technology as it eliminates the carbon dioxide emissions that result from driving and air travel. But how do you know what to buy for your organization? The first step in determining this is to understand your main objectives for the system, including your usage requirements today and what they might be over the next 3-5 years. You don’t want to buy more than you need, but you do want a system that is going to scale with your business. ContentsKey Questions o How Big Is My Audience? o Personal, Group Conferencing, or Both? Key Features to Look For o Easy Integration with Your Computer, Network, and Unified Communications Systems o Full Video and Audio Capabilities o Recording of Audio, Video, and Data o Flexible and Comprehensive Moderator and Presenter Controls o Customizable, Brand-able o Easy to Install, Easy to Use, and Easy to Maintain o Attentive, Accessible Customer Support o Competitively Priced and Great Value –  © CompareBusinessProducts. com (877) 852-5226 What to Look for in a Video Conferencing System Key Questions How Big Is My Audience? Consider the size of your audience – or the maximum number of attendees you will ever have for your video conferences, and who they are. If you plan on having international conferences, you’ll wa nt to discuss this with your vendor to ensure all networking and equipment standards are compatible. Consider the size of the rooms where attendees will take part in the video conference. Will you have 0-10 participants, up to 100, up to 500 or more?Will attendees mostly watch from their desktops, on a lap top while traveling, on a mobile device, in the board room, in a conference hall, or all of the above? Having a very clear picture of how the system will be used will enable you to make the right decision. Personal, Group Conferencing, or Both? When it comes to group or personal videoconferencing, there is a difference in what you’ll need. Essentially, all conferencing requires a camera, microphone, speaker, monitor, and a codec, which is a small â€Å"compression-decompression† program that helps large files travel across the Internet quickly.Personal videoconferencing systems are meant to work within an office or home environment and are designed for the personal c omputer, or now, increasingly, mobile devices. Speakers, microphones, and cameras are designed for close ups use and privacy. These systems now enable rich media collaboration, data sharing, and instant messaging. Group conferencing equipment is obviously more complicated, requiring cameras that â€Å"pan,† â€Å"tilt,† and â€Å"zoom,† as well as projectors, large flat panel monitors and other displays, microphone pods, and a variety of speakers.Key Features to Look for in a Video Conferencing System Easy Integration with Your Computer, Network, and Unified Communications Systems You’ll want to make sure that the system you buy easily integrates with your existing technologies, including your phone systems, the type of computers employees use, existing flat screen monitors, speakers, etc. You’ll want to check to see if the system complies with current standards or if they are proprietary technologies. You want a system that will communicate freely with all other standards-based systems vs. nly with products from the same manufacturer. You don’t want to invest in a system that will become obsolete within a short period of time  © CompareBusinessProducts. com (877) 852-5226 3 What to Look for in a Video Conferencing System Full Video and Audio Capabilities It may seem obvious, but make sure your system can play actual videos during the video conference, not just a PowerPoint presentation or other document. You’ll want high definition for best viewing quality.In addition, many systems provide a variety of screen layouts, so that attendees can simultaneously watch a video in one section of the screen, the presenter in another, and attendees in another. The system should have a video gateway that performs the translation between various technology protocols, including audio and video encoding formats used by the other components. When it comes to audio capabilities, make sure the system is going to be versatile an d loud enough for your audience to hear it, and that is complies with broad standards.Recording of Audio, Video, and Data Your system should enable you to record the audio, video, and even data portions of your conference. It can be very useful to record important, interactive presentations to share with others, such as hosting on your company’s website Intranet, or even YouTube for later viewing. Flexible and Comprehensive Moderator and Presenter Controls Easy to use and comprehensive controls are essential, especially when it comes to live presentations and meetings.Your conference moderator should be able to control who’s presenting, what attendees can view and hear, screen resolution, bandwidth, phone call admission, call routing, and more. You’ll also want a system that can pass control of the conference to other presenters to create a dynamic and interactive meeting. Controls should also include presentation mode, when the focus needs to be solely on the p resentation and not interactive dialogue and desktop sharing for flexibility, for example going back and forth between presentation decks to a website to a video.Customizable, Brand-able While you’re buying this system from a vendor whose brand will undoubtedly be showing up on the equipment, you’ll also want to make sure your organization’s branding appears for your conference – so you want a system that is customizable and flexible enough to display your company’s look and feel in the presentation and visuals.  © CompareBusinessProducts. com (877) 852-5226 4 What to Look for in a Video Conferencing System Easy to Install, Easy to Use, and Easy to Mainta in Check to make sure the system is not so complicated that it’s unusable, or even that some of the key features are not usable.It should have a clear, concise, and easy to use menu and an intuitive user interface. Many IT people have a knack for learning how to use new technologies. For this reason, have a few others in your organization try it out and use it before buying. Attentive, Accessible Customer Support When it comes to video conferencing, you cannot underestimate how important customer support is – including technical support – for your system. A video conference is a live event with a live, interactive audience.When something goes wrong, and all too often with new technologies it will – it’s like a dropped phone call during a critical business negotiation – but to the 1,000th degree. You want to make sure that you can access support and get solutions ASAP if you have any issues with your equipment or connection. Competitively Priced and Great Value Today, the popularity of video conferencing among businesses has skyrocketed, and hence there are many players who have entered the market.This is good news for buyers because these companies are competing for your business. You want a company that has a good track record of success and one that can prove it with existing customers testimonials, case studies, and references. And as with other parts of your business, be clear about your objectives first and what you aim to achieve with your video conferencing system, including your return on investment, before you open up your wallet.  © CompareBusinessProducts. com (877) 852-5226 5

Market research 4Ps Essay

In today’s multi-faceted business environment, it is generally agreed that a strong customer-driven marketing strategy can give one an edge over his competition. Designing it, however, did not prove to be so straightforward. It is therefore this reflection paper’s aim to ponder over the various aspects that I have found intriguing and glean insights from them. Firstly is the â€Å"Marketing Mix† aspect, specifically the 4 P’s framework – Product, Pricing, Placing & Promotion. The 4 P’s is one of the best known frameworks for a marketing plan, of which the aim is ultimately to fulfil a basic marketing purpose – Putting the right product in the right place, at the right price, and at the right time. Getting all aspects of this framework is of paramount importance. Miscalculating one could result in disastrous consequences, for example you could be promoting a revolutionary diet plan in a country hit by famine or publishing a textbook after school term has started. In the process of brainstorming for a product, some innovative ideas were eliminated due to the fact that they were deemed unsuitable for the Singapore market. One such example is the ostrich pillow1, a nifty headgear for people to catch a comfy nap anytime, anywhere. Due to its odd shape and Singapore’s conservative culture, we decided that the market might not open up to the idea. The Product itself was good, but the Promotional strategy would encounter difficulties. One of the other teams did their project on space-saving furniture. The end result was that one convertible table/couch would cost upwards of $2000. This is a potential mismatch between Product and Pricing strategies, as the average consumer who could afford such prices would unlikely be living in a house that requires space-saving technology. The Pricing aspect by itself also proved to be extremely interesting, as everyone’s project seemed to unanimously adopt a value-based pricing strategy. So then, what of cost-based pricing? Is it not an effective strategy? With this in mind, I began my research to find out more about it. The classic example cited in this debate is that of Steve Jobs vs Sam Walton, two of the greatest business leaders in history. An interview conducted by Fortune Magazine2 best highlighted the difference between these two extraordinary men and their methods. It is noted that Steve Jobs epitomized value-based pricing by focusing mainly on the product  instead of margins. He said, â€Å"If you keep your eye on the profit, you’re going to skimp on the product. But if you focus on making really great products, then the profits will follow.† Sam Walton, on the other hand, built Walmart around the concept of low margins and high volume, i.e. cost-based pricing. If the margins got above anything that was infinitesimal, he would get angry. Both have built extremely successful companies using entirely different pricing strategies. So why does a value-based pricing strategy seem so much more popular than a cost-based one? Perhaps it all boils down to prestige. Being the boss of a premium brand certainly holds more distinction than say, opening a dollar store. Or perhaps the road to building a company large enough for cost-based pricing to be effective is an arduous task that faces more obstacles in the form of existing industry giants. In any case, it is worth noting that cost-based pricing is in no way obsolete, but simply overshadowed by the recent successes of premium brands3. Another strategy that the class unanimously adopted is Promotional strategy, specifically in social media terms. Facebook appeared to be the prime choice of social media strategy for everyone, and rightly so. A survey conducted in 2011 showed that Singaporeans are the global leaders for the longest time spent on Facebook, clocking 38mins 46secs per session, putting us ahead of countries like US, UK, and Australia . Add that in to the capital limitations of start-up companies, Facebook becomes the logical choice for our promotional channels. A case study on Scoot’s4 wildly popular Facebook marketing campaign gave us further affirmation that this was the right way to go . As for the Placing aspect, the dilemma existed whereby in order to position ourselves as a high street fashion brand, a retail store had to be open at a prime location such as Ion. The rental for such locations, however, would strain our budget even further. To put it in perspective, the rental costs for an Ion level 1 space is $29 per square feet whereas the rental costs for Ang Mo Kio Hub is a mere $19 per square feet. That adds up to almost $40k difference per year for a store of 330 square feet, which is an extremely large sum for a start-up company. We eventually decided that it was worth the risk, but had to make careful budget adjustments to manage our finances. Next issue of interest is the importance of an action plan. Why is an action plan so important? Without an action plan, all we have is a broad strategic plan. Think of it  like making a resolution for a new year – you may state that you plan on losing weight, however you do not add in specific details as to how you are going to do it . A concrete action plan ensures that one stays focused and has a clear idea of what to do and when to do it by. The group that did the project â€Å"Fitting Reality† had an impressive action plan which was both detailed and tailored to account for contingencies. That way, should anything go wrong, there would still be plans to fall back onto instead of the whole project being thrown into disarray. Another particularly noteworthy issue is that seemingly all groups focused on customer acquisition, but few bothered to put effort into customer retention. This is puzzling for one main reason – It is a widely held belief that acquiring a new customer costs on average 5 times more than retaining an existing one. It is therefore wise to invest equally in customer retention alongside customer acquisition, or else it would be tantamount to taking one step forward and two steps back. Some recommended strategies of customer retention include loyalty discounts and membership privileges, as well as constant updates and active engagement with the customers . An area that I found intriguing was the fact that no other groups seemed to conduct a market survey in their marketing plans. To me, a market survey is extremely useful as it helps gauge the future demand of the product. A poor response would allow to us to pull the plug on the project before anything concrete is launched, thereby cutting our potential losses massively. Furthermore, based on the results of our market survey, we were able to effectively segment our consumers as it showed distinctly which group of customers were most interested in our product. Of course, a counter argument could be made that a well-crafted marketing strategy would amp up the hype over the product and turn initial consumer skepticism into enthusiasm. Both arguments are certainly valid, but it seems that market surveys are still very much recommended as an important requirement for initiating any successful business . One of the difficulties encountered by our group in the process of designing our marketing plan is the aspect of controls. We all know the importance of controls. It monitors the progress of our plan and makes adjustments when it deviates off course. So how then do we determine the key performance indicators (KPI) and at what level do we set it? Should we operate on the economist’s definition of bottom-line or the accountant’s  definition? These were all daunting questions that had to be answered. Ultimately, we chose to follow sales projections quoted in our financial plan as the main control. In hindsight, we could have adopted a market share analysis instead as sales figures may not give a wholly accurate representation. For example, if the footwear market faces a sharp downturn, we could be facing lower than expected sales figures but still capturing a large market share vis-à  -vis our competitors. A qualitative control method in the form of customer attitude tracking can also reveal to us what customers feel about our organisation, products and services, thus allowing us to make pre-emptive changes and preserve the brand reputation . The final topic of interest again lies with the marketing mix, but this time with respect to B2B commerce. Two of the groups came up with products that were targeted solely at businesses and within their marketing plan included the conventional 4 P’s. The 4 P’s has been a great framework that has served marketers well for over half a century. But the nature and evolution of B2B commerce as compared to B2C means that it might be time to rethink and reassess the framework for today’s B2B reality. According to a comprehensive study done by Harvard Business Review , the conventional 4 P’s model has been found to undercut B2B marketers in 3 major ways: 1 – It leads the marketing team to stress product technology and quality even though these are no longer differentiators but simply the cost of entry. 2 – It underemphasizes the need to build a robust case for their products’ superior value. 3 – It distracts companies from leveraging on their competitive advantages as a trusted source of expertise. Of course, it is also worth noting that this in no way renders the 4 P’s obsolete. Rather, they just require some tweaking to better suit the B2B industry, such as Motorola’s SAVE framework: moving the emphasis from Product to Solution, Placing to Access, Pricing to Value, and Promotion to Education . As the study so aptly cites, â€Å"B2B marketers who continue to embrace the 4 P’s mind-set risk getting locked into a repetitive and increasingly unproductive technological arms race.† And indeed, as trends change and industry evolves, so too must marketers and our strategies. Bibliography AsiaOne. (2011, September 27). AsiaOne News. Retrieved April 17, 2013, from Science and Tech: http://www.asiaone.com/News/Latest%2BNews/Science%2Band%2BTech/Story/A1Story20110927-301776.html Ettenson, R., Conrado, E., & Knowles, J. (2013, January). Rethinking the 4 P’s. Retrieved April 18, 2013, from Harvard Business Review: http://hbr.org/2013/01/rethinking-the-4-ps/ar/1 FAO, UN. (2012, Feburary 5). FAO Corporate Document Repository. Retrieved April 17, 2013, from Marketing Strategy, Planning and Control: http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/w3240e/W3240E03.htm Gandhi, R. (2012, July 2). Pitney Bowes. Retrieved April 17, 2013, from Keeping Your Customers with Email Marketing: http://www.pbsmartessentials.com/customer-satisfaction/keeping-your-customers-with-email-marketing/ Mind Tools Ltd. (2011, Dec 12). The Marketing Mix and 4 Ps. Retrieved April 15, 2013, from Mind Tools Website: http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newSTR_94.htm Senic, N. (2013, Feburary 2). EFFECTIVE CONTENT STRATEGY GUIDED BY THE SAVE FRAMEWORK. Retrieved April 18, 2013, from Zemanta: http://www.zemanta.com/blog/content-strategy-guided-save-framework/ Serwer, A. (2012, December 3). Steve Jobs vs. Sam Walton : Tale of the Tape. Fortune, pp. 59-64. Tan, R. (2012, October 9). Flamingo Singapore. Retrieved April 17, 2013, from Facebook marketing: A case study on Scoot: http://flamingosingapore.com/2012/10/09/facebook-marketing-a-case-study-on-scoot/ UNESCO. (2011, March 10). UNESCO Bangkok. Retrieved April 17, 2013, from e-library publications: http://www2.unescobkk.org/elib/publications/clcneo/06market.pdf Woodward, R. (2011, October 1). Bright Hub PM. Retrieved April 17, 2013, from Project Planning: http://www.brighthubpm.com/project-planning/102438-why-are-action-plans-important-in-business/ Appendix A 1.1 Ostrich Pillow

Approved and Listed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Approved and Listed - Essay Example If you are listed, it could mean you are permitted, therefore there is an agreement and acceptance, and so, there is an approval. A list is also a plan that is approved. It is necessary for approved item to be listed and kept for future references, in the same manner that listed items, must be set aside for future consideration. In contrast, approved things may be listed, but a list of things may not be approved. In other words, you can make a list of terms that may be approved but you may not approve of a list that is not acceptable. A listed plan may or may not be agreed upon or considered. The approval of certain lists depends on its content. There are listed items that cannot be approved or accepted. But there are approved items that need to be listed for further confirmation. Moreover, the term approved and listed may mean the same in some aspects, and contradict each other in one or two instances.

Consumer Behaviour Business Degree with Marketing Assignment

Consumer Behaviour Business Degree with Marketing - Assignment Example Marketers need to know what their customers need and want and they also need to know how their customers make decisions about buying and using products. As such, this report for Starbuck’s senior executives seeks to explore different factors that influence the behaviour of different customers towards a particular product or service. The report is divided into two parts and the first part is mainly concerned with establishing the extent to which motivation and the benefits sought by the customers go hand in hand towards the satisfaction of the needs of the targeted consumers. The second part seeks to establish the significance of understanding the family life-cycle and family decision making in order to make the organisation to be in a position to market their products and services more successfully. The report will also focus on how the marketers can focus on different factors which influence customer behaviour in order to positively change it through the effective use of diff erent elements of the marketing mix. Recommendations will be given in both cases. 1. Motivation of the customers is mainly influenced by their behaviour hence it is imperative for the marketers at Starbuck’s to first establish the behaviour of their consumers in order to be better positioned to satisfy their needs. Hawkins et al (1998, p.7) define customer behaviour as â€Å"the study of individuals, groups, or organisations and processes they use to select, secure, use and dispose of products, services, experiences or ideas to satisfy needs and the impacts these processes have on consumer and society.† This definition implies that there are indirect influences on consumer decisions. As such, any profit oriented organisation must satisfy the needs and wants of the customers. The realisation that long term survival of companies is only possible if customer satisfaction has been achieved has led the companies and their employees to motivate the customers towards their pr oducts. In their quest to satisfy their needs, customers also seek to derive benefits from consumption of particular products hence the attempt to satisfy these benefits by the marketers goes hand in hand with the concept of motivation. To understand motivation is to understand why customers do what they do. The philosophy of marketing rests on the premise that customers’ needs are the starting point from which all other activities can be planned (Cant, 2002). However, there is need to take a motivational approach to establish the needs of the customers which influences their buying behaviour. Basically, motivation occurs when a need is aroused that the customer wants to satisfy. A need refers to something physical or psychological that the body must have to function and develop (Cant, 2002). As such, motivation is the driving force within the individuals that drives them to act in a particular way. According to Kotler & Armstrong (2004), a motivated person is ready to act an d he is influenced by his or her own perceptions of the situation. People have different perceptions of the same stimulus and when they act, they learn something new. In the process, they acquire beliefs and attitudes that will shape their behaviour if they are satisfied that they will derive benefits f

Arbitration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Arbitration - Essay Example In fact, many courts require that some parties engage in alternative dispute resolution mechanisms before permitting trial for the cases by the parties (National Paralegal. 2005). The increased popularity of the approaches comes from the expansion of traditional courts caseload and the perception that the approaches impose fewer costs as compared to  litigation and have a confidentiality preference. In Conn Super LEXIS 1 (2005) Lasalla v. Doctor’s Assoc., 2005, the defendant is the Subway sandwich shops franchiser. The plaintiff settled to develop a number of properties issues. In the 1986 original contract, the calculation of plaintiff’s compensation was on basis of taking into account revenues, and subject to â€Å"modifiers† resulting in final compensation amount. The initial dispute was the interpretation of the modifier. The court award confirmation allowed the parties to continue with the process about the same issue (National Paralegal. 2005). The issue was whether the lead arbitrator in the subsequent arbitration was under compulsion to apply the res judicata  doctrine in the circumstance. Connecticut court observed that awards of arbitration are for the presentation of similar effects as court decisions in further civil actions. Therefore, the second arbitration’s arbitrator need not engage  res judicata  to initial arbitration award. In Conn. Super LEXIS 3409 (2004) for Gordon v. Amica Mutual Insurance Company, 2004 the use of â€Å"party arbitrator† system resulted in procedural impropriety where the court vacated the arbitration award. The plaintiffs’ home in Glastonbury, which created the financial institutions of the Burglary stream, unintentionally filled in Goal of 2002. When the proceedings did not believe the fact that on an evaluation amount for the loss, the evaluation mediation stipulation of the insurance plan started in (National Paralegal. 2005). It is this catchall supply, which permitted the

Improving Maternal health Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Improving Maternal health - Research Paper Example Despite maternal health concern being in the millennium development goals, the condition is still wanting. Maternal has for been a leading cause of death for many women and children. Efforts have been made to handle the situation with political aid. According to world health organization report of 2012, it has led to the global reduction of maternal health by 47% since 1990 to 2012. However, approximately 800 women die daily from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth. In most underserved and marginalized communities are unable to access the information, resources, and services leading to prevailing of poor maternal health. Filippi demonstrated the health condition in developing countries to be poor compared to the developed countries (361). The factors that drive communities to high mortality rates despite the measure put to control are variety. Poverty, lack of knowledge, cultural ties, few skilled attendants and distance to hospitals are contributing factors to mor tality deaths. There is a need to look into the issue deaths related pregnancies to safeguard the lives the mother and the child. WHO report of 2013 suggested an estimation of 289,000 women died during delivery. According to Bergsma, the situation in developing countries is 97 times worse than in developing countries. Antenatal care would reduce maternal mortality (35-54). The majority of deaths are reported to occur during and immediately following birth. WHO â€Å"Maternal Mortality† report shows that excessive bleeding causes 25%, 15% due to infections, 12% for the seizure disorder and 8% are due to obstructed labor. Other causes of death during pregnancy include unsafe abortions that account for 13% of the total deaths. The situation is so alarming in the society and needs further actions to reduce the deaths globally. The issue of death is extended to the postpartum period.  

Case Analysis of Starbucks Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Case Analysis of Starbucks - Research Paper Example The company’s management acted promptly, under the leaderships of the CEO Schultz, to resolve internal weaknesses and to adapt to the changing external market environment to ensure the survival of the organization in this industry. The survival of the company in tough market environment can be associated with the ability of the leader to work together with the company to satisfy all the shareholders of the organization. This essay presents an analysis of the Starbucks Corporation and the basic strategies that the company has deployed to win the coffee market. First, the paper will present the background of the company, covering its environment, the industry and the major players in the coffee industry. Next will be a critical analysis of the company’s strategies and the various emerging market conditions that underpins the organizational performance. This will provide a good ground to provide alternative approaches that Starbucks would have used to support its development strategy. Starbucks is a company that started back in 1987 in Seattle, Washington by Baldwin, Siegel and Bowker. The company started with nine stores in the domestic market, and the main products include whole beans and coffee products. Schultz became the CEO of Starbucks in 1987, after acquiring the company and receiving a majority vote from the company directors. During this stage company ventured in the domestic market and Schultz helped the company to focus on the customer value model. This left Starbucks as a dominant market stakeholder in the marketing strategy. The company opened more stores in US to take advantage of the growing demand of coffee in the domestic market (Buchanan and Simmons 517). The companys vision was to satisfy the customers through unique coffee products that they had not tasted before. The company focused on diversifying its products when after a long debate they introduced the non-fat

Theories of women's relationship to public space in all their Research Paper

Theories of women's relationship to public space in all their complexity - Research Paper Example When we look at large scale events in global history like major exploration, war and colonization, it is the male ambition to conquer, control and exploit which characterizes them. Traditionally, males are active and operate in the public arena, while females are passive and are confined largely to private and domestic spaces. These stereotypes are evident in the system that we know as patriarchy, and they operate at the level of individuals within families, in different social and cultural groups, and in the way that nations and states relate to each other. Journeying out to capture and control a physical location is a classically patriarchal activity. We can detect this kind of influence when we look at the narratives of history that have been drawn up to make sense of human behaviour. The age of empire building, somewhat ironically under the leadership of a British Queen, as well as various kings and prime ministers across the globe was one of expansion for the conquerors and cult ural demolition for those who were colonized. Just as women in Victorian England were nominally revered and respected, but at the same time dominated and repressed by their husbands, so narratives of the â€Å"exotic† and the â€Å"primitive† were used to give a positive spin to the systematic exploitation of vast areas of Africa, India and Asia. Hierarchical Western systems were introduced to replace overlapping tribal and national structures and women found themselves on the bottom rung of all these new hierarchies. The position of former colonies was for many years to be trapped into an opposition to this dominance, rather than to develop freely in whichever direction they would themselves have chosen. It was only in the mid to late twentieth century that authors in former colonies began to theorize this bitter experience and emerge from the imposed binary opposition of colonialism into a more nuanced appreciation of power relations in the modern world. One such aut hor, Tayeb Salih, reflects on these matters in his novel Season of Migration to the North (Salih, 2009) and draws complex parallels between the subjugation of Sudan under colonialism and the subjugation of women under patriarchal systems. The novel revolves around themes of colonialization, a term which in feminist theory â€Å"almost invariably implies a relation of structural domination, and a discursive or political suppression of the heterogeneity of the subject(s) in question† (Mohanty, 1988, p. 61) and exploration of the complex and various types of male and female relations that exist in the post-colonial world. This makes the book at times complex, even ambiguous, but this quality ensures that it is true to situation, Unresolved issues that were paramount in the period immediately after independence was gained in the Sudan are presented as they were experienced, not least the evolving role of women and their gradual emergence into public life. The plot revolves around , as the title suggests, what happens when some of the residents of Sudan migrate back to where the colonial masters came from, before returning to their homeland having gained new and shocking knowledge which then contributes to the way that the

Accounting writing assignments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Accounting writing assignments - Essay Example In order to obtain detailed financial information about the company, it is necessary to analyse consolidated balance sheet and other financial statements of the company. The company’s financial data clearly indicates that Ford has achieved $128,954 million in sales for the fiscal year 2010. The company could effectively survive the impacts of 2009 global financial crisis and it attained a net income of $6,561 million in 2010. The annual report 2011 shows that the company’s earnings per share is $1.66 although it has not issued dividends to shareholders. The consolidated balance sheet of the company illustrates that Ford’s total assets/total liabilities for the fiscal 2010 were $164,687 million. In addition, total shareholders’ equity of Ford was $-642 million. According to the â€Å"management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations†, most powerful feature of the Ford is its flexibility to integrate with various market situations (Ford Motor Company). The company distributes its costs and expenses under two categories such as cost of sales and selling, administrative and other expenses. This section clearly reflects that effective cost monitoring and control mechanisms have assisted the company to improve its profitability. The management report indicates that the ongoing global economic recovery has greatly benefited the company to improve its financial condition, which was very weak in the previous year (Ford Motor Company). In addition, the Ford possesses an efficient management team that effectively forecasts changing consumer tastes and specifications and thereby greatly aids R&D team to design innovative car models. The general tone of the management’s comments points that the company is passing through an economic recovery phase, and the micro-macro environments of the Ford offers potential opportunities to the company for the upcoming years (Ford Motor Company). At the same time, intense market competition is

Journal article review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Journal article review - Essay Example The research was undertaken in more than 15 states and the results are described in the article. The research, according to the author is conducted focusing on two primary points Before describing about the research method, the author has given ample scope to explain about the need for preparing the younger generation to face the globalized world and succeed in the same. The numerous technological advancements, the integration of several aspects of a society inside a cloud of networked community called as the internet and the urge among the developing countries to become standout performers have all been well explained, underlining the necessity to educate the students about global citizenship. The four points were brought into the picture through a review of researches done by several researchers in the past and the author has given a detailed account of each of the points. Also, the author has clearly explained the struggles of teachers who are although willing to teach about the concepts of global citizenship, find it hard to implement it because of the lack of standardized curriculum. As a result, the confidence level of the teachers too has taken a beating with respect to these concepts. A direct list of guidance regarding global citizenship is the need of hour to sustain their interest in teaching these concepts. (Rapoport, 2010) The detailed analysis of the results of the research clearly indicates how the current education system lacks the impact of a multicultural education and thus underscores the importance that needs to be placed on globalization. The continuous negligence of the social impact of globalization is a worrying factor of for the future of younger generations and it can be only improved if the importance given to the economic impacts of globalization takes the second place. Although, it has not been

Common Core Essay Example for Free

Common Core Essay The common core is a set of standards which were developed by state leaders along with teachers, school administrators and many other people, not the Federal Government. The common core has standards. Standards which are not curriculum. Standards that â€Å"do not tell principals how to run their schools, and they do not tell teachers how to teach. Local teachers, principals, and district administrators ultimately decide how the standards are to be met and the curriculum to be use† (Laine and Minnich). The school districts still have to choose which textbooks to use and, which curricula they wish to add and drop. The basic standards of the common core are: Aligned with college and workforce-training expectations; Rigorous in content and include the application of knowledge through higher-order skills; Built on strengths and lessons taken from state standards; Informed by standards in top-performing countries, so that all students are prepared to succeed in the global economy and society; and Evidence-based, clear, and aligned across a child’s K-12 education. The common core has many pros and cons to reforming the education system. In the Article The common core is a change for the better the authors mention that the common core provides a good foundation on what needs to be taught (Gardner and Powell). The authors also touched on the fact that students nowadays are â€Å"more mobile than ever†, families have to move around more to follow and find available jobs. With the common core all across the Country have the same standards. There is some consistency within all schools in America. If a family was to move from Maine to Nevada, it would be quite impossible to expect things to be the exact same. However, you can still have an idea of the standards and know what to expect. This is a great thing about the Common Core. Every Student this way is exposed to the same standards. Once students are mingled together in colleges and universities across the country the professors can expect almost every student to be able to do the same things, to a degree. Not to say that every student knows the  exact same co ntent, however they will all have graduated high school with the same skills. Skills that may be taught in a variety of styles, none the less resulting in the same skills. The common core requires teachers to be very specific and hand out rubrics, stating exactly the quality of work that is expected. This eliminates the confusion that can arouse from complicated projects or open research topics. The students will know exactly what the teacher is requiring of them. Ultimately making it easier on the students to provide what the teacher wants and getting the highest grade possible if the students puts in the effort required to meet the expectations. Effort: defined as â€Å"an earnest or strenuous attempt† by dictionary.com, is where a problem arises in the common core. The common core standard â€Å"Rigorous in content and include the application of knowledge through higher-order skills† is asking 21st century students to put in lots of effort, they can’t ask Siri to write their English paper or do their history project. Most high school aged students in the United States are not going to put in the required effort to achieve rigorous assignments. I know that when I was in high school my attitude was ‘if I wait to the last minute it only takes a minute’. That’s not because I was swamped with assignments or didn’t understand it. It was because I would rather be doing anything else, after having spent all day in classrooms with new information being drilled into my head. The absolute last thing I wanted to do was go home and spend more hours on homework. Making high school more rigo rous is going to prevent kids from being kids. Students in the United States are less motivated to learn and value education less and less. Stephen Krashen says that another problem with very rigorous assignments is â€Å"CCSS are so demanding that in English language arts classes, educators and students will have little time for anything not directly linked to the standards† (Krashen). I do not quite agree with this statement because the standards are not the curriculum being taught, just the way it is being taught. Teachers and schools have some free space to spend as much time as they feel necessary to focus on aspects they feel more important. The common core has pros and cons, just like anything in life. One set of standards isn’t going to please everyone in the United States. My personal opinion is that the common core has good intentions, but may be a bit unrealistic. If every school in America was teaching the same skills to the same degree, all students would have the same experiences entering college. There are 50 states with thousands of different schools in each states. Within those thousands of schools there are teachers who all have their own style of teaching. Not to mention the millions of students that all learn a little differently at a different pace. What are the odds that every state school, and teacher are able to provide every student with the exact same skills, using the exact same standards? There are good intentions behind it, and the United States can give it a chance, but I feel as though it may be unrealistic. Works Citied Fine, Sarah. Moving Forward With The Common Core. Education Week 30.8 (2010): 18-19. Professional Development Collection. Web. 16 Mar. 2014. Gardner, Nancy S. Powell, Rod. The Common Core Is A Change For The Better. Phi Delta Kappan 95.4 (2013): 49-53. Professional Development Collection. Web. 16 Mar. 2014. Krashen, Stephen. THE COMMON CORE. (Cover Story). Knowledge Quest 42.3 (2014): 36-45. Professional Development Collection. Web. 16 Mar. 2014. Richard, Laine, and Chris Minnich. Common Core: Setting the Record Straight. Education Week 32.36 (2013): Web. 16 Mar. 2014

Research funding of medical product development Essay Example for Free

Research funding of medical product development Essay Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most common ailments in adults especially the old. Over 26.6 million people around the world are affected by the disease with an increase expected in the coming years. So far, there has been no established cure for the disease whose results are pain and suffering in the patients and death. With these facts, research that can lead to success in tackling this global calamity would be instrumental and welcome. This makes it critical and worth for any form of funding to be provided in any research towards elimination of the same. The document evaluates the various forms of funding available which would help in the research to develop a novel compound critical in controlling and even curing the disease. Discussion National governments are one of the biggest sources of funding for clinical research. Various governments set aside some money in their Health sector budget of which a big portion includes money for research. The government funding programs operate locally or internationally (Murray Johnston, 2010). An example in national government funding is the NIH (National Institute of Health) which through its various sections such as the National Human Genome Research Institute provides funding for research projects in America (Kulakowski, 2006). For the case of research in Alzheimer’s disease, national funding is through the National Institute on Aging. Government funding is beneficial in that they are not discriminative compared to funding from other sources such as organizations. However, one disadvantage is that the funds may take long thus jeopardizing the research (Kaitin, 2010). Associated closely with national governments and also a source of funding are government agencies. Agencies operate both nationally and internationally (Shaw, 2005). An example of such an agency is the Department of Energy in America. The agencies provide the funds to different sub-divisions of research areas, for example, the Human Genome Project section which may assist in developing the compound identified (Boss Eckert, 2006). With their international operations, the benefit is that the agencies will fund any project that fulfills its requirements. One disadvantage however is that agencies are prone to manipulation and thus may be biased in funding projects due to political differences (Smith, 2006). Another source of funding for scientific research projects are foundations. These entities have a wide range of research requirements and interests (Hulley, 2007). Some of the foundations will be specific in the areas they want to fund such as the American Cancer Society that focuses on Cancer. Others are open for any research in any area such as the Howard Hughes Medical Institute which provides funding for various areas, for example, Alzheimer’s disease (Reinhart National Research Council, 2006). Brightfocus Foundation and Alzheimer’s Research Foundation are some of the foundations that focus on funding Alzheimer based research (Financing roundup, 2008). The benefit in using foundations is that they span a wide range of research areas thus a big chance of being funded (Clinical research in Finland in 2002 and 2007, 2013). There is a disadvantage in that funding from foundations is subject to misappropriation through vices such as corruption affects the operations (Ca mbron, 2008). Many individuals have been known to offer private funding for research projects all over the world. Wealthy individuals are now funding scientific research institutions or individual based ones (Page, 2012). Armand Hammer, former chairman of Occidental Petroleum Corporation is an example. For his case, he provided funding for cancer related projects (Lee, 2010). Another example is Ronald Perelman and Lilly Tartikoff who funded the Revlon/ UCLA women’s Cancer Research Program under the leadership of Salmon (Bazell Bernstein, 1998). One advantage of funding from individuals is that there are no rigorous processes involved in obtaining the funds like is the case with government agencies and foundations. A disadvantage in using the same is that individual funding may be withdrawn when differences arise thus stalling the research (Kullmann, 2006). References Bazell, R., Bernstein, A. (1998). Her-2: The making of herceptin, a revolutionary treatment for breast cancer. New York: Random House. Boss, J. M., Eckert, S. H. (2006). Academic scientists at work. New York, NY: Springer. Cambron, J. (2008). Grant funding for elderly health services (6th ed.). Manasquan, NJ: Health Resources Publishing. Clinical research in Finland in 2002 and 2007: Quantity and type. (2013). BioMed Central.Financings roundup.(Harvard University Office of Technology Development is funding for research projects in biomedical and life sciences )(Report). (2008, February 11). Medical Device Week.Hulley, S. (2007). Designing clinical research (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Kaitin, K. (2010). (video) Research funding of medical product development.Kulakowski, E. (2006). Research administration and management. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett. Kullmann, P. (2012). The Inventors Guide for Medical Technology From Your Napkin to the Market. Minneapolis: Hillcrest Media Group. Lee, J. (2010). Biomedical engineering entrepreneurship. Singapore: World Scientific. Murray, T. H., Johnston, J. (2010). Trust and integrity in biomedical research: The case of financial conflicts of interest. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Page, P. (2012). An introduction to clinical research. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Reinhart, G. R., National Research Council (U.S.). (2006). Enhancing philanthropys support of biomedical scientists: Proceedings of a workshop on evaluation. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. Shaw, G. (2005, October). Tapping Alternative Sources: Funding Beyond the NIH. G P, 5(8)12-18. Smith, C. (2006). The process of new drug discovery and development (2nd ed.). New York: Informa Healthcare. Source document

The Importance Of Record Management

The Importance Of Record Management A record is a transaction between individuals or institutions that is first documented and then stored on a specific repository for a given, or in some cases an unspecified amount of time. Records vary in their contexts they can range from court records to state information that a country holds about its citizens i.e. birth and death certificates. Records in the current day and age are usually stored electronically on databases. Records provide an organization or government institutions with the necessary proof of the interaction with its partners, in the case of organizations, or citizens in the case of the state. Why is records management important and who is responsible for managing records in an organization? Records management is important because it essentially provides an organization or any other entity with of proof of the transaction that they have entered into with another party. It is also important in the decision making or strategic part of an organization. Kept records prevent data anomalies or inconsistencies, this is key on the part of those making decision for the company, if a department within an organization has managed to keep good track of what they have done or have not done it becomes easier for them to make decisions based on those records. Everybody in the organization is partially responsible for managing records in the organization. Employees have a responsibility to make sure that all their transactions with external parties related to the organization are kept recorded and stored electronically. However, the records manager or information officer is tasked with managing the records for the whole organization together with his/her team. The records manager is also responsible for drawing up policies that articulate the aims of his/her department to the rest of the organization. This is to make sure that everyone within the organization knows how to handle information and is also knowledgeable on the legal and corporate standards associated with records management. Outline an electronic records management cycle. I have identified four phases to the records management life cycle, with the understanding that there possibly could be more that can be identified or less. The first being: Creation. This entails the part of the cycle when records are being created or being received. The second part is: Active Records: these are records that are needed frequently. They are retrieved at least one per or month or as frequently as weekly, so these types of records are stored on readily accessible databases. The third part is: Semi-Active/Inactive Records: Semi active records are not needed for day-to-day business. Organizations need to keep them for referrals for legal reasons, of for financial reasons. They are not used often enough to warrant or justify their being stored in primary record centres. Semi-active records are often stored at a lower cost in a records centre. The fourth part being: Final disposition: The final disposition is the action that takes place when records have no more value to an organization. This phase can include physical destruction of the records of transfer of the records to the custody of an external body. What do you see as user interactions with the records? The user of the records is in the first place a part of the creation process of a particular record. Their input to the process is the relationship they have with the organization. The degree to which they interact with the records depends on the context and meaning of the relationship to an organization. Users of course could range from customers to employees. Employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ interaction with record should include them maintaining the records that they have created and updating them if necessary. A customer to an organization interacts with his/her record when they need to consult the business about the transaction they had with that particular business. What is an ERDMS and what are the benefits you see ERDMS bringing to your organization? An ERDMS is an Electronic Records and Documents Management System that is used for managing and storing records digitally. It is used to effectively manage paper and electronic records and documents. The benefits of such a system can in oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s view be separated from individual to organization. For the individual it can mean a quicker and more convenient discovery and access to information. An improved administrative efficiency and effectiveness. It could also mean the facilitation of evidence based information decision making. For the organization it could translate into secure and systematic management of unstructured data such as emails, documents and spreadsheets. And also efficiency gains with improved quality and consistency of organizational processes. Another benefit that one sees for the organization making use of this system is that there can be an enhancement of a recordkeeping culture in other words this best practice can be institutionalized to the whole of the organization. There can also be a reduction in records lost, and reduction in legal liability to exposure. An ability to integrate core business applications with core business applications with the ERDMS can enable improved records capture through automation. List the ERDMS functionalities and briefly describe each functionality indicating its importance? Functionality (a): What is stored? On these systems electronic files such as word processing documents, spreadsheets, multimedia materials etc are stored. Functionality (b): What end users can do? End users can create new documents which may or may not be records. They can also save files with limited metadata related to business functions. Functionality (c): Access and use Users can retrieve stored files. They can also receive action files accordance with workflow processes and also edit files and select whether to save as a new version or ne w document Functionality (d): Disposal. The users of the files can delete them when they do not serve any corporate or legal purpose their department or the whole organization.

my last duchess Essay -- essays research papers

Poets often use literary techniques to clearly convey the personalities of their speakers. In â€Å"My Last Duchess†, Robert Browning uses point of view, diction, and imagery to achieve a powerful effect, underlining the attitude and personality of the Duke.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In a dramatic monologue, character development is based on what the speaker says, and how he says it. In â€Å"My Last Duchess†, the speaker of the monologue addresses a fictional audience, and the reader is seen as an unnoticed third party. It is because of this viewpoint that the reader is able to analyze the words and actions of the Duke, gaining insight into his life and personality that he is not aware of giving. While the poet uses his words to convey his intended meaning, it is up to the reader to draw his own conclusion, through the witnessed events and conversation. His arrogant and possessive nature must be inferred of the Duke’s character from the way he speaks, just as the details of the setting and situation must be inferred from his own words. Although the reader is not directly spoken to in the poem, evaluation of the Duke’s showy attitude can be inferred through his concern with the artwork and his nonchalant description of his wife, which is noticed by the uninvolved reader.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Duke wants to present himself as a powerful and sophisticated man, and he does so in the beginning. However, as he ...

If You Don’t Want Them To Know Something, Put In A Book, They’ll Never Read It! :: Personal Narrative Writing

â€Å"If You Don’t Want Them To Know Something, Put In A Book, They’ll Never Read It!† â€Å"If you don’t want them to know something, put it in a book, they’ll never read it.† This was a saying that was widely during and after desegregation of the schools, and as I know is still being used today, to display the ignorance and lack of knowledge of African-Americans. The sad fact is that it is true. If it doesn’t come across the television or radio, then most people don’t know what is going on. Most people that I know watches television rather than go to school. As an African-American, it was very important for me to learn to read, write, and obtain a quality education. It’s amazing to see the carelessness that many people take toward getting a good education. Many of my ancestors lost their lives for just wanting to read and write, but now that African-Americans have the opportunity to do these things, hardly anyone takes advantage of it. For me, as an African-American, education is extremely important because many affluent peop le like Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Mary McCloud Bethune, and Linda Brown, fought â€Å"tooth and nail† and lost much of their blood, sweat, and tears to ensure that we were properly educated. Over the years I have adopted a slogan, â€Å"If it’s free, it’s for me†. Although public education is free today, someone no doubt lost his or her life for me to sit in a classroom to learn. I try to take advantage of every opportunity I get to read and write because I can never learn too much. I was raised in the north end of Hartford, Connecticut. I wouldn’t say that the city was impoverished, but it was far from perfect. It was similar to most northern big cities, rampant with drugs, violence, and crime. In just one week there could have been anywhere from 10-15 burglaries, which probably accounted for the degree to which owners were protective of their businesses. When I passed most stores at night or after their closing times, I saw that they were guarded with security doors and steel bars on the windows. But for as long as I can remember, I’ve never seen any bars or security doors protecting the libraries, which goes to prove the point that â€Å"If you don’t want them to know something, put it in a book, they’ll never read it.

Charles Lindbergh Essay -- essays research papers

The flight of Charles A. Lindbergh was actually three phases. The preflight that was step of obtaining the plane, the arrangements of sponsors, and making a list of land marks. Probably the most important phase out of all was the actual flight from New York to Paris, France. The final phase would consist of a man turning into a hero when he finally reaches Paris. The preflight arrangements for Charles A. Lindbergh’s flight began in early 1927. Charles A. Lindbergh presented his proposal to Knight, Bixby, and other St. Louis businesspersons whom were impressed with Lindbergh’s confidence and agreed to sponsor his flight. Lindbergh had setup a $15,000 budget and $2,000 of which was Lindberghs. A name, the Spirit of St. Louis, was established. Lindbergh was to choose the plane and decide on all other aspects of the proposed flight. According to Lindbergh, a single-engine plane, rather than a multiengine plane increased the chance of success. His theory was the less weight, the more fuel, the greater range. The experts would say that a solo flight across the Atlantic was simply suicide. The burden on the pilot was considered too great—he would have to stay awake for over thirty hours, enduring constant stresses. Immediately, Lindbergh began searching for the right plane at the right price. He contacted a number of aircraft compa nies. Some did not respond and some turned him down. Things were not looking good for Lindbergh. In early February 1927, the Ryan Airlines Corporation of San Diego, California, had responded within twenty-four hours of receiving Lindbergh’s telegram regarding a plane for his proposed transatlantic flight. Yes, they could produce a plane that could fly nonstop from New York to Paris. It would cost $6,000 not including the engine, and would take three months to build. The Ryan workers worked on the Spirit of St. Louis morning, noon, and night, seven days a week. Voluntary overtime became a normal operating procedure, and work on most other planes had nearly stopped. After meeting with the company’s president, they decided to modify an existing Ryan model by outfitting the plane with extra fuel tanks and increasing the wing area, thus would give the plane a maximum range of 4,000 miles, more than enough to reach Paris. In the picture to the right, it shows how the main fuel tank in the fro... ...nch flyers were able to get him released, but only after another American had been mistaken for him. Lindbergh’s helmet had somehow gotten on the other man’s head, and he was being dragged away by the crowd. Charles Lindbergh was insisting that something be done about his plane before he agreed to leave the field. He was shocked when he saw the Spirit of St. Louis. The crowds had ripped holes in the fuselage in order to take home souvenirs. What angered him even more was that the navigation log he had kept during his flight had been stolen. Lindbergh slept for the next ten hours. In the morning, Lindbergh and the ambassador stood on the balcony and greeted the jubilant crowd that had gathered in front of the embassy. Lindbergh had planned to fly back to the U.S. via Europe, Siberia, Alaska, and Canada, thus completing a trip around the world. However, he reluctantly gave in to pressure from the ambassador to accept President Calvin Coolidge’s invitation to retur n aboard the cruiser USS Memphis. The president presented him with the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Congressional Medal of Honor, and the post office issued an airmail stamp in his honor.

Charles Dickens create his characters Essay

Charles Dickens is a great writer who has been successful throughout his life. He has written many novels for all age groups which consist of ‘Great Expectations’ (1860-61) and ‘Hard Times’. Dickens techniques of writing were much noticed by readers, especially his ways of creating characters. There are a number of ways to how dickens would create his characters, he places them in revealing or appropriate settings and describes their physical appearance. He also, allows them to speak so that we hear their vocabulary and tone of voice. His characters actions and movements are well described because he shows how other characters react to them. To understand dickens techniques more clearly, I will be investigating two characters, Abel Magwitch of ‘Great Expectations’ and Thomas Gradgrind of ‘Hard Times’. ‘Great Expectations’ is about a young orphan named Philip Pirrip, known as Pip. The novel has been set in the Kent Marshes. Pip lives with his shrewish sister and her husband, the simply, kindly, blacksmith Joe Gargery. Chapter one of this novel opens in the country churchyard where Pip is terrified by the appearance of Magwitch, an escaped prison convict who threatens him with awful vengeance unless some food and file for his fetters are obtained smartly. Pip manages to hide some of his own supper, steals more food from the pantry, and after an encounter with a different younger convict, he finds the original one and leaves him filing off his irons. The setting of ‘Great Expectations’ is in the Kent Marshes. Pips first meeting with Magwitch was in the nearby churchyard. â€Å"At such a time I found out for certain, that this bleak place overgrown with nettles was the churchyard†. Dickens uses the adjective ‘bleak’ which also means ‘bare’ and ‘dreary’ this suggests that the churchyard is a place that doesn’t get many visitors. Also ‘overgrown with nettles’ implies to us that the churchyard isn’t cared for, it contains sharp and unpleasant plants which doesn’t attract visitors. Therefore, we can understand why Magwitch chose to hideout at the churchyard, it is a good place for a convict to hide. Dickens also uses the adjective ‘raw’ which also supports the idea of an unattractive churchyard. The synonyms for the word raw are chilly and damp; these two words strongly describe the churchyard as an isolated area. ‘Raw’ is a harsh and cold word. The reader may also consider the churchyard as a boring and timid place because dickens has used ‘low leaden line of river’. This describes the river as a heavy, dark and foreboding line cutting across the churchyard. Dickens has deliberately described the churchyard as a boring place with these negative adjectives in order to make the reader believe that it has no visitors. Once again this implies that the churchyard is a good hideout for Magwitch. By now, it is noticeable that the setting in ‘Great Expectations’ reflects Magwitch’s character because Dickens also describes the churchyard ‘with scattered cattle’ which suggests an unpleasant place that is not taken care of very much. The term ‘savage lair from which the wind was rushing’ is a metaphor which is an implicit comparison. It is the application of a word or phrase to somebody or something that is not meant literally, but to make a comparison. The same way, this metaphor brings the wind out to life and impersonates it as a wild animal by using the noun ‘lair’. A ‘lair’ is a den or hiding place where predators would hide from preys, this relates back to Magwitch whom is hiding just like a predator and preys out to poor little orphan Pip. Dickens creates a negative impression of Magwitch by the way he describes him because he uses terms such as ‘A man’. Straight away this puts a mysterious thought to the readers mind. At this point the reader is busy building up an image of Magwitch in their minds. Dickens also describes Magwitch in ‘coarse grey’ uniform, this gives the reader a full image in their minds of Magwitch as a prison convict, which builds up the negative impression. The adjective ‘coarse’ is a synonym for ‘rough’ and ‘harsh’ which allows the reader to consider Magwitch as an untidy and messy person. In order to make it sound more obvious that Magwitch is an escaped convict Dickens uses terms such as ‘iron on legs’. This suggests to us that Magwitch has shackles on his legs which bring the reader to certainty that Magwitch is an escaped convict. He is a bad man; Dickens has also mentioned that Magwitch is not wearing a hat. This implies that Magwitch is no gentleman, he is not well bred and he doesn’t have a decent background. Dickens describes Magwitch through a list of injuries he faces. ‘soaked in water’, ‘smothered in mud’, ‘lamed by stones’, ‘cut by flints’, ‘stung by nettles’ and ‘torn by briars’. Dickens has listed all these injuries to show how Magwitch has been through a lot. He has travelled tough which suggests that he was very determined to get out of prison. It also suggests that Magwitch is a strong and fearful man who is able to resist a lot, he is a frightening man. â€Å"Old rag tied around his head†. From this we can understand that Magwitch is trying to hide his injury or as a disguise. We can understand that Dickens has done a clever job with creating a negative impression of Magwitch. Dickens has deliberately used the name Magwitch which also creates a negative impression because it contains the word ‘witch’. This symbolises ‘evil’ and ‘fear’. Dickens has used exclamation marks to illustrate shouting. â€Å"Tell us your name! Said the man†. From this technique we can understand that Magwitch was a very temperamental and violent man. â€Å"Pint out the place†, this suggests that his accent is also different. Dialect has been used which is when a characters speech is often grammatically incorrect. In Magwitch’s case, his use of dialect suggests to us that he has lack of education. We can understand that he may have been on the prison ship for a long time. Magwitch is also very violent as he speaks. He threatens Pip in a way to show readers that he is the villain of this novel. Also, we can realise that Dickens has made Magwitch’s speech short with shuddering sentences. This implies that Magwitch is afraid of being caught; he is shortening his sentence to hurry up the conversation and get back into hiding. Dickens has also used imperatives, â€Å"You get me a file†. Imperatives are performed by a character to give orders; they are used to express a command or request. Magwitch has used his power advantage. Dickens has also used strong language which reflects Magwitch’s character once again, ‘uncouth and coarse’. Magwitch’s actions are very violent and threatening. While threatening little Pip he tends to keep looking over his shoulder. This implies that he is nervous and afraid of getting caught. The violence side of Magwitch is exposed when he turns Pip upside down and shakes him. By now, the reader is afraid of Magwitch, and he is definitely the villain of this novel. However, the reader may also feel pity for Magwitch from the way he limps and shivers. This explains how Dickens was able to create two sides of the character Magwitch, this way the reader is able to feel some sympathy but, they are also afraid of him because he is a criminal and he is relying on the help of a child. Magwitch tries to be evil, but between that he shows his vulnerable side. Dickens uses adjectives such as ‘ravenously’. The purpose of this is to give the reader an image of a wild animal in their minds. Dickens is comparing Magwitch with a wild animal to once again remind the reader that Magwitch is uneducated and deprived. Magwitch used his gaze to overpower Pip. This suggests that Dickens was able to write in a way to show who’s in power. Also, Magwitch tilts Pip over a grave to frighten him and show power. However, we can understand from the novel that Magwitch is also afraid of the graves as he creeps over them.

Explain each Stakeholder Essay

What be the stakeholders points of judgment on the strategic aim / how does it carry on them?Trustees, Directors and Managers query to picture causes / risks, objective & run interventions, education for state-supported and patients on prevention, cover version/diagnosis, interferenceInfluencing regimen policy on prevention, natural covering/diagnosis, treatment The trustees, directors and managers allow be kindle in research to meet causes / risks, object & dischargeify interventions, selective information for semi open and patients on prevention, display/diagnosis, treatment, influencing Government insurance on prevention, natural covering/diagnosis, and treatment. The trustees, directors and managers are concerned in these strategies as they set them in the first place and as the come with has improved over time with these strategies they impart want to keep them.Volunteers question to go through causes / risks, design & political campaign interventions, info for manThe volunteers leave be interested in research to actualize causes / risks, design & shew interventions, Information for public. The volunteers are interested in these strategies as it parts of their work and they guard to go by those strategies to do the frolic properly, they lead want to do the communication channel properly as it stand be a very good live and rear be seen as an exploit working for a charity.Customers in shopsResearch to reckon causes / risks, design & test interventions,Information for publicThe customers in shops entrust be interested in research to take care causes / risks, design & test interventions, information for public. The customers in shops are interested in these strategies as they are buying their product and the customers will want to sleep with where their m maviny goes to and how it affects heap with cancer.Suppliers of c circuithingResearch to render causes / risks, design & test interventions,Suppliers of clothing w ill be interested in research to insure causes / risks, design & test interventions. The suppliers of clothing are interested in this strategy as they are the one who provide the family with clothing and they have to cope what designs to lay on the clothing and how this will inspection and repair CRUK take offting more donations.DonatorsResearch to understand causes / risks, design & test interventions,Donators will be interested in research to understand causes / risks, design & test interventions. Donators are interested in this strategy as most passel may have muzzy love ones because of cancer so will might hit a lot of money for donation, they will want to know where their money goes and how does it help other to get rid of cancer. conjunctionResearch to understand causes / risks, design & test interventions,Information for public and patients on prevention, covert/diagnosis, treatment Communities will be interested in research to understand causes / risks, design & t est interventions, information for public and patients on prevention, display/diagnosis, and treatment. Community is interested in these strategies as at that place might be someone who can get cancer in that respectfore the society would want to know what their options are and what can be done, withal CRUK can give the community messages what to do to stay external from cancer.GovernmentResearch to understand causes / risks, design & test interventions,Information for public and patients on prevention, cover version/diagnosis, treatmentInfluencing Government Policy on prevention, screening/diagnosis, treatment Government will be interested in research to understand causes / risks, design & test interventions, information for public and patients on prevention, screening/diagnosis, treatment, influencing Government Policy on prevention, screening/diagnosis, and treatment. The governing body are interested in these strategies as CRUK is asking to use current facilities such u niversities, labs and hospitals they also want the government to set new rules such as smoking should not b in the eyesight and pictures of what it can do to you on the packets.NHS / Private Health misgivingResearch to understand causes / risks, design & test interventions,Information for public and patients on prevention, screening/diagnosis, treatmentInfluencing Government Policy on prevention, screening/diagnosis, treatment NHS/Private Health Care will be interested in research to understand causes / risks, design & test interventions, information for public and patients on prevention, screening/diagnosis, treatment, influencing Government Policy on prevention, screening/diagnosis, treatment. The NHS/Private Health Care will be interested in these strategies because CRUK I a big company and there are a lot of people researching what can be done train cancer, so if they find something the NHS and Private wellness care would want to know, for their treatment and also in can cut t he cost of NHS if something important is reviled. military service Users/ CustomersResearch to understand causes / risks, design & test interventions,Information for public and patients on prevention, screening/diagnosis, treatment Service users/customers Will be interested in research to understand causes / risks, design & test interventions, information for public and patients on prevention, screening/diagnosis, treatment. The service users/customers are interested in these strategies as one of their loved one might be affected by a specific cancer fount so they will want to know what research is being done on that specific cancer and if its curable.

Charles Dickens

You may choose to sustain a biographical dictionary handy! Your message is going to be lost, if a individual special needs a dictionary When using a own language is remarkable.â€Å"It contained several large streets all very more like one another, and many little small streets still more such like one another, inhabited by people equally more like one another (†¦)†. After reading the story you almost smell the smoke and vacant see the clouds of smoke in western front of you. â€Å"It was a town of administrative machinery and tall chimneys, out of which interminable venomous serpents of smoke trailed themselves for ever and ever, logical and never got uncoiled.When you have read deeds that description of the smoke you empty can feel it everywhere around you more like a snake sneaking around because of the metaphor Dickens is making.Charles young Dickens as social critic logical and a writer is among the worlds finest novelists.King Louis letter XVI wasnt a fantastic king good for the part during the time of the government moral bankruptcy and this revolution.

At times the story appears to be aimless.As a consequence the characters must consider also learn how to accept one anothers imperfections along with their own.Throughout the book, the characters remain in form logical and theyre believable.The author has attempted to supply new advice in the personal experience of entities all of the method to techniques which may boost how our dreaming abilities on all different parts of sleep paralysis.

It is a little book about reading.Get your work confronting most viewers and reveal publishers deeds that you might sell a married couple thousand books.You have to little read the book.Write the book which you would love to read.

Leadership †Making the Business Successful

transmiters has antithetic meanings to several(a) authors. lead could be define as sour, that is, the contrivance of dish expose of influencing pile so that they give extend volitionally and sky-high toward the transaction of sort goals (Bass, 1981). Although their prelude to lead hypothesis is in the first place whiz of analyzing leadership manner, Fred E. Fiedler and his associates at the University of Illinois ca-ca suggested a misadventure possible action of attractions (Fiedler, 1967).The conjecture holds that community snuff it attractions non completely because of the attri exactlyes of their individual(prenominal)ities scarcely as hale as because of heterogeneous occurrenceal factors and the interactions amongst loss draws and concourse members. On the grounding of his studies, Fiedler described collar censorious proportionalitys of the attractership stance that admirer defy what title of attractionship uns maneuvered b e some(prenominal)(prenominal) efficient (Miner, 1982) present origin is the microscope stage to which the agency of a note, as august from different sources of advocator, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as temper or expertise, enables a drawing card to bum collection members to honor with directions in the pillow slip of managers, this is the index finger arising from organisational authority. As Fiedler pictures out, a attraction with force out and coarse riging office sens obtain wide watchership to a greater close slowly than wizard without such former (Bowers, 1975).With the ratio of problem social organisation, Fiedler had in idea the accomplishment to which line of conveys batch be em motively spelled out and mint held obligated for them. If working classs ar clear (rather than timid and un organise), the fibre of execution provoke be some(prenominal) easy program lineled and theme members stop be held much by all odds liable for mathematical change. Fiedler regarded the dimension of Leader-member dealing as the roughly important from a attractors point of view, since arrangement baron and p finesseuriency grammatical construction may be for the or so part at a lower place the control of an enterprise. It has to do with the extent to which classify members invite, bank, and atomic number 18 leave al wizarding to review a attractor (Yuki, 1981).To commence his written report, Fiedler sink frontward 2 major(ip) styles of leadinghip. peerless of these is generally task- lie that is, the attracter gains satis combination from eyesight tasks behaveed. The separate is oriented earlier toward achieving unplayful inter individualal transaction and attaining a mystify of personal prominence. incontr everyplacetibility of side was delimit by Fiedler as the grad to which a presumptuousness stance enables a attraction to handle influence over a separate.To fo otprint leadinghip styles and larn whether a draw is chiefly task-oriented, Fiedler utilise an foreign interrogation proficiency (Kirkpatrick & Locke, 1991). He found his findings on cardinal sources (1) rack up on the to the lowest dot scoop up-loved co studyer (LPC) master of measurement these argon ratings do by volume in a company as to those with whom they would least exchangeable to go bad and (2) slews on the imitation semblance in the midst of opposites (ASO) home baseratings found on the degree to which leaders see host members as macrocosm homogeneous themselves, on the laying claim that state will give c ar outmatch, and work best with, those who are seen as most like themselves. at present the LPC scale is most normally utilize in research. In development this scale, Fiedler asked respondents to name the traits of a person with whom they could work least unanimous (Fiedler, 1967). leading performance depends as much on the system as it depends on the leaders possess attributes. pull up maybe for the queer case, it is simply not purposeful to come up to of an legal leader or an inefficacious leader we great deal except come up to of a leader who tends to be impelling in whiz fleck and ineffective in an early(a). If we wish to development organisational and classify durability we moldiness necessitate not to a greater extentover how to train leaders more efficaciously but alike how to cook an organizational surroundings in which the leader bear perform well (Indvik, 1986).In a extremely coordinate status, such as in the phalanx during a war, where the leader has strong prepare power and level-headed dealing with members, on that point is a affirmative situation in which task penchant is most eliminate. The other extreme, an adverse situation with fairly brusk dealing, an amorphous task, and vague position power, besides suggests task orientation by the leader, who may center anxiety or ambiguity that could be created by the slackly structured situation. among the 2 extremes, the suggested onrush emphasizes cooperation and effectual dealings with batch.To conclude, leading is the art or process of influencing people so that they render volitionally and enthusiastically toward group goals. leadership requires followership. The border on to leadership, strengthened on the self-confidence that leaders are the overlap of apt(p) situations, focuses on the study of situations.Fiedlers disaster approach takes into eyeshade the position power of the leader, the structure of the task, and the relations amidst the leader and group members. This would soak up the followers to like, trust and follow the leader. The conclusion is that in that respect is no one best leadership style and that managers goat be happy if set(p) in appropriate situations.ReferencesBass, Barnard M. 1981. Stodgills handbook of leading A study of poss ible action and research, Rev. ed, revolutionary York The unloose Press.Bowers, David G. 1975. Hierarchy, dish and the Generalizability of leading Practices, in crowd together G. hound and Lars L. Larson (eds.), lead Frontiers (Kent, Ohio Kent severalize University Press, 1975), pp. 167-180.Fiedler, Fred E. 1967. A surmise of leadership military posture (New York McGraw-Hill make Company, 1967).Indvik, Julie. 1986. means intention scheme of leaders A Meta-Analysis, in magic trick A. Pearce II and Richard B. Robinson, younger (eds.), academy of direction vanquish Papers-Proceedings, forty-sixth yearly showdown of the academy of steering, stops (Aug. 13-16, 1986), pp. 189-192.Kirkpatrick, Shelley A. & Locke, Edwin A. 1991. leading Do Traits look? academy of Management decision maker (May 1991), pp. 48-60.Miner, derriere B. 1982. Theories of organizational social organisation and Process, Hinsdale, Ill. The Dryden Press, Chap.2.Yuki, Gary A. 1981. lead in Organization, (Englewood Cliffs, N. Prentice-Hall, chap. 4.

World Religions Study Exam Study Guide

interrogation surveil HRF3O1 unit 1 Approaches to theology 1. exempt the importation of the by-line wrong * abstainer, dis rec al unneuroticr, Polytheistic, mo nonheistic, un e subjectly caprice, numinous, unconsecr purportd, Animism and adult malee Ascetic peer little who blade breaks pull roundent ex actuateing devotions victimisition decompose of egotism-denial. Agnostic A individual who doubts that homo bathroom tint the cosmos of a execut equal to(p) idol and the contingent universe of either occasion beyond this flavor sentence. Polytheism tactile sensation in practic tot whollyy(prenominal)y(prenominal) than than maven immortal. Mo nonheistic conceive in nonoperational unmatchable deity. spectral Impulse The oecu custodyic br preyhe in to entrust in virtu t verboten ensembley occasion beyond ourselves.Sacred affiliated with nonionised righteousness. Secular committed with or belong to the signifi shtupt globe. An imism The attri only whenion of a waitlihood top dog to plants, animals, dyspnoeal objects, and native phenomena. improer An collapseisan of hu universeism- an brain antecedent or dodging of musical theme that pick ups inclineer-heartedcourse, kind of than church property or honorableity, as the mindded p congealer of enti hope c ar for or re commiteing. 2. rationalise the kernel (or privation of atomic cast 53) amid corporate trust and hea pastishity. holiness is primarily refer with principles, ghost identical rites and acts, maculation ethnicity refers to a individuals origins, race, finishing al iodin non of neces ragy his or her mora lighten upy. . destine pascal grow. erect examples of the bewitch on customalistic concepts of organized godliness. pouch c doze absent commercialized kitchen-gardening ground on frequent taste. A disconfirming let go of that dada up husbandry has had, would be the banish proje ct we turn in of Muslims, labeling them e genuinely cash in iodins chips(predicate) as terrorists, dget the stairscoat on a spl finaleid minority. 4. de accreditledgeableise purification and doctor forth how it is easily-educated. coating The hu hu s octogenarianierykind creationistic discipline and crude(prenominal) valetifestations of hu valet de chambre bright skill regarded collectively. Culture is contracted finished our family, our domesticate, our fri odditys, and our nightclub.Things that edge what we touchableise paganly could be fairnesss, or bon tons expectations of us, our class. 5. distinguish the realnesss 3 salient(p) Religions. wherefore atomic number 18 they con alignred striking? Islam, saviorianity and Judaism. They atomic number 18 geographic exclusivelyy propagate, grey-headed, mingled scriptures, umteen dos of reverence, embroils the roles of raft. 6. diagnose pop egress 3 rea watch newsworthiness of h onors mess incur the inquire to work incur forward religion. multitude strike the seduce on to rehearse religion proscribed of business concern, out of wonder, to adjudicate questions, to go forth them a lodge in out in livelihood, it legions services them go finished themselves, and so forth 7.All phantasmal strategys outice intimately every twenty- four hours similarities. fuck off across and go bad 3 of these. conformation institutions, Church, Synagogue, Mosque, posteriors to commit their religions. retrieves of plow the 5 Pillars, the cardinal Com firearmdments, and so on , rules they m old(a)iness pass to pick out them in aliveness. Sacred belles- twai right offtres or scriptures the outset of schooling for their practices and imprints, or a phantasmal compose narration. oppositewise examples would be a be harpf in the incoming, buy O.K., conceits that reduplicate erect & wr and so unmatchedd, and so forth 8. H ow does religion set up twain sociable agreement and raceer dictation?It could translate br an early(a)wise(prenominal)ly harmoniousness beca lend whizself it b prognosticates plenty together, autho produces them tumesce-nigh(a)thing to do, or sothing to debate in, or so religions argon collapse off of vagarys of pricey and venomous, so if some lugg be on com micklement practices this, they leave al angiotensin converting enzymeing be laborious to confine safe(p), hence reservation loving aspects wear out in addition. It could issue kind cons reliable oer once again, be stool in that respect atomic number 18 rules to be quest subsequently(prenominal)ward(prenominal)ed in that religion, and by dint of accounting at that mystify work been attempts to vary every unmatched into a accredited religion, or places that excite a paraphrase religion, grants the religion a look to visualise the pack. . beg off the divergence meet by consignt and perspective. How could you announce if instinct is bend? accompaniment A thing that is indisputably the case. Opinion A view or public whimsy form to the highest degree something, non inescapably establish on situation or knowledge. You could some(prenominal)ize mortal is aslant if they grow had a antecedent beget that draw and quarters them tilt a real flair, or if they got absurd nurture from somewhere. individual is unremarkably slash is they drink an radical opinion- in all commanding or negative. 10. deliver the trounces 2 examples apiece of a essential kickoff and a lowly scratch line.A essential happen upon into could be an car biography, or an oppugn with the mortal whom youre talk al nearly. A subsidiary disc everyplaced could be the indue-and-take, or a documentary exposure establish on something that guideed in hi horizontal surface. 11. besidesify the divergency of opinion mingle d with Ethnocentrism and ethnical Relativism. Ethnocentrism article of sen clocknt in the transcendency of unitarys qu etcetera ethnic group. hea so Relativism intellect the ship musical mode of oppositewise acculturations and non sagacity these practices jibe to wizs sustain heathen slip room. primaeval essenceualism 1. settle residential schools. What was the theatrical role of these schools?residential schools were schools that primordial children were squeeze into, and were ab utilize, sea intelligence slew atomic number 50vass to assimilate them into European culture, by separating them from their p atomic number 18nts, their address and their culture. 2. qualify ego politics. What did the Indian Acts of 1895 further? self-rule G everyplacenment of a g all overngenial unit by its mystify plurality. They advance old volumes to flow up their culture and need etiolated ship privyal. 3. What is talkn news report? rejoinder f or the native Australian views of mankind vs. our take. oral fib is the communication of stories and les paroles of biography by verbalize fluently, earshot and in for certaining.Ab accredited cosmosness stories ordinarily involve several reputation or animals, where our basis stories usually draw from a ar occasionrary Creator. social unit 2 primordial Religions Zoroastrianism 12. account the throw of Zoroastrianism Zarathustra was the tumble of Zoroastrianism. 13. exc work the 3 similarities Zoroastrianism has with iodin of the galactic 3 religions. ( majuscule Religions) It is very old, it is mo nonheistic and call backs in nonp atomic number 18il dogmatic cosmos/ divinity fudge (Ahura Mazda), a tactual sensation in an afterwardslife, i. e. , slap-up masses go by their afterlife with Ahura Mazda, and gravid hatful degenerate it with Angra Mainyu. (Parallels upright and evils turn tailencies. ) 14.What is the conditional relation of acquit for Zoroastrians? sack up signifies the porcourse. 15. Where is Zoroastrianism origins to be prove geographically? It began in Azerbaijan, Iran conclusion to 1700 BCE. 16. What atomic number 18 the cardinal substantial perfections in Zoroastrianism? What happens to the intelligence after final st shape up in Zoroastrian judgments? The deuce primary(prenominal) graven images ar Ahura Mazda, the veracious god and dictatorial creator, and Angra Mainyu, the heavy(a)handed god and evil life of finish and violence. 17. rationalise the Zoroastrian final stage phantasmal rites. The bo buy the f gird be laid in Dakhmas where the b angiotensin-converting enzyme and and(a)(a) up be picked well- delineated by vultures. 18. explicate the tokenization employ in the Faravahar. What does distri vertical nowively use range?The Faravahar, is to prompt ane of the object of life on this earth, which is to live in often convictions(prenominal)(prenominal )(prenominal) a way that the mind work upes phantasmally and attains union with Ahura-Mazda. magnetic core great deal Represents the instinct of the individual. travel tolerate the rea give-and-take to progress and evolve. v layers of travel incur the phoebe birdsome prognosticate songs (Gathas) of Zarathustra, the cinquesome di sights of the twenty-four hours (Gehs), and the five senses. gr confess cut Legs Represents the opp unitynt forces of near(a)(p) and evil. A con venture occurs mingled with the twain and a soulfulness essential direct which agency to descend. twenty-five percent Helps the mind to oddment itself among these forces ( exchangeable a rudder). trio layers of the commode bet1. grave perspectives2. unspoiled kit and boodle3. untroubled spoken communication conduce twain intelligence has at large(p) survival to either pursue or disobey the churchman raw(a) truenesss. gloriole in turn over Symbolizes the mus ical rhythms of changeover on this earth and planes the soul nail trim the stairsgo. Jainistism 1. In what shipway does a Jain acquire repurchase/ emission? They essential be in full stern and monasticism. A fashion to outlet (Moksha) consists of i. right field Perceptionii. right field acquaintanceiii) unspoiled make They moldiness continuerict cloth unveiling to lay off iodinself from learn harvest-tide (the rung of supports and re- turn ins) 2. What is Sallekhana? mucklefulvas with anorexia. Sallekhana is the wilful finish by fasting. Anorexia is an ingest un healthiness where a somebody refuses to eat for fear of gaining weight, or to lose weight. morally it uses the victim affirm when they feel they dis ex unitaryratet sway new(prenominal) aspects of their life. Comp argond to Sallekhana, anorexia is a mental malady where the soulfulness doesnt under project either a great deal that they discharge die from non consume, versus Sallekhana, where the some angiotensin converting enzyme is privation to strive exit with fasting, and is a phantasmal closing to sustain away iself from the bodily populace by esurient themselves to ending. . develop Karma, Moksha, and Samsara, and atomism in the linguistic context of Jainism. Karma The tenderness of a mortals actions in this and preceding dry kills of existence, viewed as deciding their sight in future existences. Moksha exhaust from the regular recurrence of reincar population driven by the practice of creditfulness of karma. Samsara The stee tintinnabulation rhythm of ending and renascence to which life in the poppycock gentlemans gentleman is bound. 4. nonice 3 normals of learn for a Jain and let off them. a. Ahimsa (Non-Violence, finished theme backchat or deed) b. sexual honorableity c. No theft 5. plan the symbol for Jainism and beg off apiece disjoint of the determine.Taoism 1. What does Tao take up? Ho w is this hold in Confucianism, Taoism, and Shintoisticistististicistism? Tao actor The focus. Confucianism one(a) best of importtains the Tao via concurrence with vivacious social value, so restored by tradition and cultural morays. Taoism look ats that by to happen the Tao you moldiness(prenominal) sit and do slide fastener, go with the shed light on as we micklet arrest function over the way. The Shinto tradition focuses on the hero- venerate of the stark(a) to the forcing out of the im clean, and focuses on genius, although in that respect is no Tao. 2. apologize the moment of Huang Di, Lao Tzu and Chuang Tzu for Taoism.Huang Di The runner of all gentlemans gentleman body of dissever for Taoism. Lao Tzu Wrote the Lao Tzu and is one of the some famed fall ins of Taoism. Chuang Tzu He wrote the Tao Te Ching. 3. What is the study(ip) distinction amongst eastern Religions and westerly Religions in your opinion? westward sandwich religi ons traction a line that manhood ar the honorable alive(p) primal, where easterly religions tend to call back everything is alive, and has a soul. occidental religions call back in a arrogant creator, eastern religions tend to see that individualizedity is tall(a), and that on that point is no one god.In horse opera religions the writer of bliss and buyback atomic number 18 with a relationship with the dominee donut creator, or divinity fudge, whereas easterly religions look at that attainment and expiration is deep down oneself. 4. study a Yin-Yang in your nones. notice 3 points for all(prenominal). The pocket-sized one shot in severally side gibes that there is a shortsighted bit of grubby in light and ill-doing versa. 5. What is Wu-Wei? render an example. Wu-Wei incriminates do postcode, let reputation take its course. If soulfulness happens you turn int like, gullt purify to weight-lift it, its indwelling to happen and youl l be messing with lifes ingrained motorbike if you try to incorporate it. . wherefore is Taoism instituteer-to doe with with somatic health? leave alone ways that corporeal health is promoted Among Taoists. Taoism takes that to pass the body pure (the vessel of the spirit) that you ar to a fault cosmos robust weirdly. cosmos corporally intelligent athletic supporters your mind gentle clear. Confucianism 1. What did Kung Fu Tzu (Confucius) devour that do him so lordly? Confucius go by baseinnate(p)s of heartache. His perplex died when he was a toddler, and his breed died afterwards(prenominal) on. He was born(p) out of wed-lock, and was kicked out of him family. Confucius was kind of a loner, macrocosm giant, and grotesque didnt tolerate some friends.Confucius experient annihilateion from population of index just now neer halt trying. plenty wonder Confucius for his accomplishments level when he had such a unspoken life. 2. What is the flamsonant Rule? Was Confucius a erecter? The fortunate Rule is a computer code of moral and moral philosophy. What you do not neediness for yourself, do not do to an early(a)(prenominal)(prenominal)s. Confucius was a make uper, since he cerebrate that no subject bea what rank, pot should be judged arrange on their pure tone (intellect, wisdom), kinda of looks , power or wealth. 3. commit and condone the 5 meritoriousnesss. 1. Ren The fairness of benevolence, charity, and humanity. . Yi satin flower and uprightness. 3. Zhi seeledge 4. Xin The honor of fidelity and opinionfulness 5. Li embody behavior, or propriety, expert manners, politeness, ceremonial, adoration. Shintoism 1. wherefore is green goddessvas Shintoism to other religions awkward? at that place is no founder, no ritual use of scripture, and no organized precepts. It is seen to a greater extent as folklore and mythology. 2. How is Shintoism variable and charitable? 3. secernat e the chief(prenominal) deities in Shintoism. Who were their yield? Who was close to fee-tailingful? Izanagi-no-Mikoto (brother/husband) and Izanami-no-Mikoto (sister/married char muliebrity).Their consequence was Amaterasu, goddess of the cheerfulness and Universe. Amaterasu was the well-nigh signifi skunkt. 4. What is a torii logic logic inlet? What is the solve of the gate? A torii gate attach the innovation from a puritanical place to a reverend place and is usually the attract to a Shinto Shrine. 5. How is purification likely in Shinto ritual and petition? Cleanliness is an important lift off of Shinto and onwards get into any saintly place on mustiness be clean. cleanup spot make fors purification, and ahead incoming some shrines, you must clean your blab out at a specific station. 6. What just now do Shintoists venerate?Shintoists think in worshipping the earthy military man to establish communion, conformity and stop with its hard liqu or and deities by way of life of charm and ritual. In their view, moral and physical virtuousness is a staple law. Shintoists worship Kami, nobleman existences, gods/goddesses who rest the pee, the ground, the air, all separate of mortalality. 7. What atomic number 18 the major Shinto varieties? family unit Shinto A looser form of Shinto, not so convoluted, and wander to a greater extent(prenominal) roughly the underlying gods and myths of Shinto. aver (Shrine) Shinto in that respect was tenseness that the emperor moth was a divine organism, world a descendant of Amaterasu herself, do him a take of god.Sect Shinto practises the worship of Kami, done shrines dedicate to instigateicular Kami. social unit 3 east Religions Hindooism and Buddhism 1. What did the Aryans arouse to do with the origins of Hindiism? The Aryan settlers created poems and subsequently texts on rituals and philosophical system. Aryan spectral thought flourished in the m idst of 1 cholecalciferol to 500 BCE and was corporate in a army of kit and caboodle called Vedas, which argon considered Hindooisms earliest sacrosanct writing. To this twenty-four hour breaker point, Hindis consider the Vedas to be the authoritive scripture. 2. What does you be that call back? What is a Puja? You atomic number 18 that refers to the Hindi motif that everything and everyone is brahman. That by worshipping other gods, you be heretofore worshipping brahmin be courtyarding he is everything. That you argon in any case brahmin (in a way) be endeavor brahmin is everything. Puja is a every solar sidereal sidereal twenty-four hours season state of grace ritual that involves proposeings of flowers, sustenance for thought and other articles to deities 3. Who was Mahatma Ghandi and how did Jainism decide him? Ghandi was a quietudeable draw who look atd that things pre behave be fulfilld or colonized in a smooth way. He trustd that you could be against something, or protest something, without be violent, adjacent along with Ahimsa in Jainism. . What atomic number 18 Bindi and Tilak? What potty they slopped for Hindoos? The Bindi is the cost the trinity affectionateness, and to modulate the cardinalth Chakra, is emaciated by conjoin women to take the stand they be unify and should be well-thought-of as such. Tilak is a sandalwood paste, in which there argon antithetic colours, and when purposeless in diametrical colours, or fashions on the face, it shows mess what divinity you worship. 5. site the 3 briny Hindu gods. Brahma the Creator, Vishnu the Preserver, shiva the Destroyer. 6. What ar the laws of Manu? What did this mean for Women? It is a law defend that affirms the Hindu concepts of dharma, coterie, and the four arms of life.It deals with spectral practice, law, and politics. Brahmins welcome got this, precisely it is jilted by other castes. For women this incidentor they be evaluate to follow the rules of the Manu, which mover armorial bearing sons, never cosmos without a mans presence, having to do traditionalistic grooming and c c been, etc. variety show of repressed. 7. come across and expose the primary(prenominal) Hindu immortaldesses and their break aways. Saraswati idoldess of training and the arts, which is wherefore she is d larger-than-lifet attri alonee a nurse and a musical agent called a veena. She rides a throw away or peacock, her consort is Brahma.Parvati contract graven imagedess, worshiped as Shakti, or egg-producing(prenominal) energy. Changes into Durga or kelpwort jibe to unlike levels of anger, awarding the antithetical levels of Shakti. She is shibahs consort. Lakshmi goddess of wealth, triumph, and rock-steady fortune. 8. What is the Ra mayana and what is the implication? An epic poem which suppresss 240 000 verses. It is the story of Prince Rama, who is hero-worship byout the Hindu eart hly concern as the seventh personification of theology Vishnu. The epic demos the eternal contest among near and evil forces, where sound finale prevails. Intro. To Buddhism 1.Why is Buddhism beseeming to a greater extent special(prenominal) Kplace in the westward? Buddhism is congruous more than(prenominal) touristed in the due west because it fills a spiritual head off that westward religions cant fill. It is more of a philosophy and can address to anyone. It intromits the estimation that anyone can chance on going by the practice, again not ceremonies like Hesperian religions tend to revolve around, i. e. conjecture quite of church, halcyon behaviour or else of preaching persuasions, etc. 2. What does Buddhism stress? Buddhism punctuates practicing the learns quite than to ask in watching in ritual. at that place is besides a large emphasis on surmisal. . What does Buddhism debate somewhat battalion in hunt club of truth? 4. Wh at is Buddhisms crowning(prenominal) aspiration? The in the end-ditch closing is to end human ache Origins 1. When and where was Buddhism founded? It was founded in India, sixth hundred BCE. 2. Who was Siddhartha Guatama? What does his lift mean? Siddhartha Guatama was the founder of Buddhism. Siddhartha performer the one who has pass ond his goal. 3. key Siddharthas miraculous birth. What did the Brahmins articulate somewhat realness-beater Mayas ambition/the babe? What did all-powerfulness Suddhodana jump for his son and how did he cherish him from the real world?Siddhartha was conceived as a bollix unobjectionable elephant, and his produce could see him in the womb. aft(prenominal) 10 months of carrying the foil, his fuck off gave birth leaning against a steer, which displace its sleeve to help her during do work. after he was born, water poured from the twitch the airstream him and his skip, though he was exactly dirty. after his birth, he ali kek 7 locomote and said, This is my last birth. The Brahmins told milksop Maya that she would give birth to a son, and that if he trus bothrthy the world, he would pop off major power of all India, nevertheless if he jilted the world, he would choke a deliverer of mankind.The superpower Suddhodana was more evoke in his son beseeming a king, so he make sure Siddhartha had everything he could peradventure want, and shield him from anguish, so that he authoritative the world. 4. What changed Siddhartha at the age of 29? chance on what he axiom. Siddhartha grow pitiful. The premier twenty-four hours he went extracurricular the rook he cut an old man. The close day, he cut a man come stead with disease. The trio day, he motto someone push only whenton a drag out with a mud on it, followed by a sorrow mother and her children. The last day he saw a monk, who seemed like he had been by means of with(predicate) the hardships of life, notwithstanding p ass judgment them with peace and serenity.He realised that he too unavoidable to solve this riddle to life. So he unexpended his wife and son in the substance of the night. 5. What travel did Siddhartha take to let an answer on lifestyle choices? What was his conclusion? What did he learn about deeds? What state did he get? starting signal he canvas under Hindu hermits until he had wise(p) all that they could teach. He then became an ascetic, giving up secularistic pleasures and eating entirely a covered stadium a day to survive. Siddhartha was close to stopping point from fasting in the beginning his friends came and federal official him. He completed that too more than going was as foul as too much luxury, and the estimation of the snapper way of life was born. . What does Buddha mean? What did he call up about ones personal redemption? Buddha nitty-gritty the edify one or the alter one. He sweard that everyone has to make their own hammock-which is inwardly us all. 7. What Hindu aspects did Buddha submit and reject? The Buddha rejected the caste system, Hindu rituals and offerings to gods, theories, quarrel of Sanskrit (he use Pali), promised land world however realizable for Brahmins, the role of the Vedas and the Upanishads. Concepts that he recognized atomic number 18 those in the predilection of reincarnation. 8. string the origin treatment. deposit dharma, bhikkus, sangha and bhikku sangha. The outgrowth Sermon was when Siddhartha went back to the 5 ascetics and told them about this gist bearing, give tongue to them how uncomplete radical was not bad(predicate)- exclusively that the cartroad to liberation was one of moderation. This was his origin teaching, so it is cognise as the outset Sermon. Bhikku A to the full enact monk who has go away his place and renounced all his possessions in position to follow the way of the Buddha. Sangha The alliance of Buddhisticicicicicicic monk s and nuns. Bhikku Sangha The residential district of full enact monks and nuns. 9. divulge Buddhas death.What did he tell to his chase? What state did he achieve? When he was over 80 historic extent old the Buddha took a poisoned meal and ate- even though he knew it was poisoned, just to be courteous. He lie on his deathbed, surrounded by his pursuit, and he spoke In all my lifetime, dickens meals stand out self-governing one was the meal that I ate forrader I sat under the Bo tree, after which I stock information the other, this evening at the foot of my dear friend, Cunda, after which I s anteroom receive NiNana. And he died. Buddhist Beliefs 1. How is Buddhism an introspective religion? What do Buddhist teachings shew?Buddhism is an introspective religion because it is subjective, not objective. It is establish off ones perception, and brooks, not impregnable or evil. It focuses on bettering oneself, kinda than ever-ever-changing the things around the m. Buddhist teachings extinguish that zippo is permanent, so why fret, over something when everything is eternally changing and we cant stop it. 2. diagnose women in Buddhism? Who is Buddha Tara? Women in Buddhism be as fair to middling as men. They ar allowed to pass nuns, and argon allowed to practice in general. It is believed that women be withal able to achieve nirvana, just as much as men be.The Buddha Tara is a figure in Buddhist teachings- who vowed to take rebirth as a woman until she became a Buddha. 3. Anicca, Dukkha, and Anatta ar the characteristics of what tenet? What do they mean? Anicca(impermanence) gifts the thinking that the world is in a uninterrupted flow and that nothing cincture the selfsame(prenominal) for long. Impermanence is a inherent lineament of everything. Dukkha(Dissatisfaction) fabricates the inclination that all humankind and animals experience suffering. tangible and mental pain, argon good examples. Feelings of free p runeing happiness or pleasure do not exist since these feelings still last for a limit union of time.Dukkha touches everything in life. Anatta(no-self) is the concept that we cannot point to any one thing in ourselves and tell apart it is our self. No adept part of the body, is a human, only the profligate put together makes the whole person. That is the same in that our mind, body, and spirit make up our self. These terzetto things ar the trey Characteristics of Existence. They make up everything remote nirvana. 4. Buddha cherished to find the cause of sorrowfulness and its treatments. What did he come up with? What atomic number 18 the exchange themes? The Buddha found that suffering is cause by liking and aversion. It is ca utilize by our perception. . The 5 Precepts argon the rules that Buddhists follow. What be these rules? sway the redundant precepts monks/nuns take in. The master octuple cut is same to what jibe to the film Religions of the orbit? 1. intermit from cleaning or harming live beings 2. quit from stealing 3. give over from untoward sexual guide 4. discontinue from monstrous obstetrical delivery 5. cease from fetching alcoholic beverage and drugs (Additional precepts) 6. stop from eating after dozen noon 7. desist from facial expression at dancing, vocalizing or free rein 8. come to an end from the use of perfumes and things that tend to illustrate and endue a person 9. forbear from employ gentle beds 10. Abstain from deliver gravid or silver 5. Who/what be the one- one-third Refuges? What does each represent? The three Refuges AKA the manifold Jewel, argon the Buddha (the guide), the dharma (the path) and the Sangha (companions and teachers. ) 6. Who practices the sestet Perfections? describe the sextuplet Perfections. A Bodhisattva practices the 6 Perfections which include giving, morality, patience, vigour, meditation, and wisdom. Symbols and Icons 1. What does the bicycl e of flavor represent? What is found in each order? Who has tell over the dance orchestra?The ramble of vitality represents the aeonian cycle of births and masterless rebirths (samsara. )The inner heap holds a bird, a pig, and a snake. These represent the human vices that bound the steering wheel turning- greed, ignorance, and hatred. The goal is to belabor these vices. The sustain ring shows the forms we take when we are reborn. The white half(prenominal) shows Heaven, the blacken shows Hell. The third ring shows the numerous regions into which one can be reborn. They represent real places and are not metaphors for states of mind. This ring includes experiences we may have as humankind, i. e. suffering/pleasure.The images in the out grade represent the xii causes of without end rebirths the old, seize person is ignorance, the throwster creating a pot agent actions, the meddle arise the tree of samsara represents consciousness, the man wrangle a ride ess ence pattern and form(body), a brook with six doors and windows nitty-gritty the senses, a man and woman embrace inwardness contact, the cursor in the eye way feeling, the man imbibing alcohol depicts craving, the hob grabbing fruit illustrates grasping, a women in labour depicts existence, a baby being born indicates birth, and finally a man carrying a system represents ripening and death.The pluck of sprightliness is held in the dentition of Yama the noble of Death, and there is no exclusive being inner(a) the wheel who is orthogonal the engage of death. solo the Buddha is outside the wheel, pointing at the mope typify nirvana. 2. What is the Mandala employ for? What monks are inevitable to make Mandalas? What happens to the Mandala after it is apply? speckle the Mandala is being make it is apply for supplication and meditation. When it is finished, monks recite chants and orisons before it is sweep away, which maps impermanence. 3.What influences the limning of Buddha images? When did these images start to pop up? there are images of Buddha to help followers repute their path, and to think up the heart and soul of his teachings, and note his retrospect as a person, and the fact that he fact that he fly Samsara. The images are to motivate Buddhists, remember, and to honour. 4. Practice the 9 divers(prenominal) Mudras and know what they represent. 5. What is found in the Stupas? Relics of the Buddha and other signalizeed figures are found in the Stupas. 6. run how genus Lotus flowers symbolically represent mankind.The vision is that some of the flowers are bogged down in the mud, and some about to bloom. The equivalence is that all muckle have the qualification to develop their capability and rise from an unsuitable life. 7. What are Buddhapadas? elevate 2 symbols found on them? Buddhapadas are the representations of Buddhas footprints, and are revered in all Buddhist countries, believed to be places where Bud dha stood. Symbols could be the Buddha, or numinous wheels on the soles of these footprints . Practices, Rituals and Festivals 1. What is karma? How did the film Religions of the universe of discourse define it?Karma bodily function or law of cause and military issue the gist of ones thoughts and actions, which determines ones fate in the succeeding(a) life. 2. What are the common offerings and what do they represent? Flowers- because as they die and wilt, they emphasize the article of precept of impermanence. thurify Sticks- burn in the home and the synagogue to symbolize the Buddhas flavor of sanctity. washy of a candle- representing Buddhas enlightenment. 3. equivalence Buddha, Dhamma, and Sanhga twenty-four hours. Buddha sidereal day storeyed on the full-moon day of May, adjoin the belief that the birth, enlightenment, and death of the Buddha happened on this day.People ruck on the cubic yard of the monasteries, take flowers, lit candles and odourise sticks. They whirl around the chief(prenominal) hall triad measure plot reciting the Three Refuges. Dhamma twenty-four hour period celebrate on the full-moon day of July, being the day of the send-off Sermon, mountain gather and offer fodder to monks, nuns and novices in cervid Park. At night, passel give food to the poor, go on the cardinal Precepts, and practice meditation. Sanhga Day renowned on the full-moon day of March, commemorates ii important events in the Buddhas life.The first was the resolve of the raw material principles of Buddhist teachings, and the arcsecond was a utterance called the reason of Success. nutriment is offered to monks, and people engage in good karma accumulating activities. pursual preserve the pentad Precepts and help a sermon at the monastery. Groups and Institutions 1. equalize the 3 chief(prenominal) schools Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana. Theravada in effect(p) in Sri Lanka, Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. Considere d the original and more just nowton-down school of Buddhism. only(prenominal) recognizes Tripitaka, as scripture. Focuses on the teachings of Buddha, not Buddha himself.They rely on meditation and perspicacity to attain nirvana. They believe that macrocosm are individuals, the key virtue is wisdom, religions is for monks, the exemplification being is the Arhat, that Buddha is a saint, and appeal by dint of meditation. Mahayana skillful in China, Vietnam, Korea, and Japan. A more free-handed school, and see Buddha as a divine being. accent mark on Bodhisattvas. They believe that humans are involved with others, that the key virtue is compassion, religion is overly for lay people, the nonpareil being is Bodhisattva, Buddha is saviour, and prayer for request.Vajrayana dear in Tibet, Bhutan, and Nepal. Focuses on rituals, such as mantras, and material creations tie to Buddhism such as mandalas. Focuses on the Dalai Lama, who is their spiritual leader. 2 . Where is window pane practiced? What does it emphasize? What are koans? loony toons in practiced in the Rinzai School, and the Soto school. Koans are riddles utilize to test students on their enlightenment. social unit 4 occidental Religions Judaism and christianity Judaism 1. Define Tanakh, Torah, and Talmud. What is the battle amidst these?Tanakh The Judaic Bible consisting of the Torah, the Prophets, and the writings. Torah Refers to the virtue of Moses as well as the rest of the Hebraic Scriptures and the whole belief system of the Judaic trust. The word Torah is often translated as consequence law, further a more perfect description is teaching or instruction. Talmud rabbinic teachings derived from the Mishnah. It is the main source of Judaic teaching from the knightly period to the present. The Torah is the first five books of the Tanakh, the Hebraic bible. Know to Christians as the old testament.The Talmud is a allurement of rabbinical commentaries on the Hebrew bible, Judaic history, and other such things. You can consider the Talmud to be an cyclopaedia of commentary. 2. In a fewer points check off amid the 4 main Judaic denominations. 1. Judaic- Judaic-Orthodox Judaism Orthodox Jews believe that matinee idol gave Moses the whole Torah (Written and Oral) at ascend Sinai. Orthodox Jews believe that the Torah contains 613 mitzvot ( edicts) that are cover upon Jews. groundbreakinge Orthodox Jews stringently observe halakhah (Jewish justice), but still immix into moderne society.Ultra-Orthodox Jews, which includes Chasidic Jews, strictly observe Jewish laws and do not blend into modern society by change distinctively and backing separately. 2. unprogressive Judaism cautious Judaism maintains that the ideas in the Torah come from immortal, but were genetical by humans and contain a human component. bourgeois Judaism in the main accepts the backrest nature of halakhah (Jewish justice), but believes that the Law should a dapt, enthralling aspects of the rife culture era remain true to Judaisms values. 3. emend Judaism reclaim Judaism believes that the Torah was create verbally by unlike human sources, preferably than by idol, and then later combined. darn meliorate Judaism does not accept the fecundation nature of halakhah (Jewish Law), the feces does agree much of the values and ethics of Judaism as well as some of the practices and culture. Reconstructionist Judaism Reconstructionist believe that Judaism is an evolving phantasmal civilization. In one way it is more good-looking than correct Judaism the execution does not believe in a personified deity that is participating in history and does not believe that perfection chose the Jewish people.In another way Reconstructionist Judaism is less liberal than sort out Judaism Reconstructionist may observe Jewish Law, not because it is a binding Law from immortal, but because it is a priceless cultural remnant. 3. justify the s ignificance of the avocation people in the diachronic training of Judaism Abraham, Moses, David, Solomon, the Rabbis. Abraham was instructed by immortal to move to a special land to deepen a nation. God chose Abraham and promised to bless him and make him a great nation. The idea of Gods cartel. During the time of Moses, Gods obligation took on a new meaning.The Mosaic ties would have God pop the question His people with the decennium Commandments that would allow him to bound his Covenant. Moses came to get up Horeb, called the potentiometer of God in the apply of Exodus. He encountered God through a tan bush. God revealed that the cries of the Israelites had been perceive and that they would be set free through Moses. (Passover). David scored a number of military victories over his enemies and ultimately accomplished capital of Israel as his capital city. Solomon reinforced a temple that would serve as a perfume of worship for the Jewish corporate trust for the close millennium.Rabbi A Jewish savant or teacher, specially of the Law, a person appoint as a Jewish religious leader. 4. What are Kashrut and Terafah? Kashrut The Jewish dietetic Laws the active affixation to the rules of being Kosher. Terafah nonkosher not conform to dietetic laws. 5. sop up the Jewish rituals. What are some of the items used in Jewish rituals? Synagogue, Kiddush, minyan, yarmulke, tallis, tefillin, Shabbat, Rosh Hashannah, Yom kippur, Hanukkah, Pesach, Seder, chametz, Haggadah, circumcision. 6.excuse how both God and those of the Jewish faith aid the Covenant. The idea of the Covenant is that the Jewish people are Gods people and part of His Covenant. In turn they must do His will to be in His Covenant. 7. formulate mitsvah, close offakhah, and Halakah. mitzvah A commandment from God the act of playing a good deed. The most long-familiar mitzvoth are the disco biscuit Commandments. Barakhah A blessing. Halakah The efficacious part of Talmudic lit erature, an translation of the laws of the Scriptures. 8. exempt Bar mitsvah and what it kernel for a vernal Jewish boy.Bar Mitzvah The religious initiation ceremony of a Jewish boy who has reached the age of thirteen. This means they can now be a part of the Minyan. Christianity 1. disclose the richness of the avocation on the life of deliveryman Christ and Christianity Augustus Caesar, Pontius Pilate, pax roman typea, The Sanhedrin, romish Tolerance, Constantine. Augustus Caesar was the emperor when deliveryman was born. Pontius Pilate was the papist regulator who reproducible that deliveryman be crucified. pax papista was a time when capital of Italy was very powerful and comparatively peaceful, during which Christianity work out rapidly.The Sanhedrin The highest court of justice and the supreme council in antediluvian capital of Israel. The Roman imperium had a tolerance for Christianity allowing it to spread during the multiplication of the kiss of peace Romana. Constantine was a Roman emperor moth who reborn to Christianity. 2. summarise the chase modify, east wind, Christmas, Epiphany, advance and Pentecost. Lent is a 40 day period of time, in which Christians give up something, symbolically representing how rescuer went into the ravage for 40 days. easter is the holiest Christian holiday, celebrating rescuer Resurrection.Christmas is the day celebrating delivery boy birth. Epiphany, twelve days after Christmas, used to commemorate the divine revelation of delivery boy as Gods son at the time of his baptism in the Jordan River. When the sacred spirit apt(p) the apostles with spiritual gifts and abilities cardinal days after Easter allowing them to go into Jerusalem and give out their faith enthusiastically. 3. sketch the fundamental beliefs of Christians as outline in the Nicaean opinion of 325 CE. They believe in one God, and that rescuer Christ is His son.That savior shall come again with triumph to judge the live and the dead, the belief in the sacred life story, the Catholic and pompous church, and the citation of baptism for the pardon of sins. 4. Who wrote the creed of the tonic testament? Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. 5. In what ways is the Catholic belief outboundly expressed? done the come one, one of the most well-know(a) religious leading in the catamenia world. It is not just found on ones own belief and faith, but similarly through ones actions and how they speak, proclaiming their faith, reservation it known through thought, word and action. . discover the Sacraments of Christianity (i. e. Confirmation). Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist. 7. What was the cracking split? What caused it? What was the precede? The Great schism was a split among the eastern and horse opera Church, caused by chiefly the legitimate or rejection of the Pop and his authority, and the filioque cause, using and the discussion at the end of the Nicene Creed, where as o ther groups believed that the divine Spirit harvesting solely from the sacred Father, and not from the Son.This resulted in the two groups to separate and pass away their own denominations. 8. What was the Protestant reclamation? Explain the difference amongst universality and Protestanism. The Protestant renewal was the make better of the western church in protest to its practices. Orthodox and Roman Churches had unendingly focus on the splendor of both faith and works, Protestantism is the belief of salvation through faith alone, which moody the belief inward, quite than commission on outward sings.